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The octet rule is a chemical rule of thumb that reflects the theory that main-group elements tend to bond in such a way that each atom has eight electrons in its valence shell, giving it the same electronic configuration as a noble gas. The rule is especially applicable to carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, and the halogens; although more generally the ...
The nitrate ion (NO − 3), for instance, must form a double bond between nitrogen and one of the oxygens to satisfy the octet rule for nitrogen. However, because the molecule is symmetrical, it does not matter which of the oxygens forms the double bond. In this case, there are three possible resonance structures.
Since these compounds tend to be more reactive than compounds that obey their rule, electron counting is an important tool for identifying the reactivity of molecules. While the counting formalism considers each atom separately, these individual atoms (with their hypothetical assigned charge) do not generally exist as free species .
The formulae of simple oxyanions are determined by the octet rule. The corresponding oxyacid of an oxyanion is the compound H z A x O y. The structures of condensed oxyanions can be rationalized in terms of AO n polyhedral units with sharing of corners or edges between polyhedra.
Under the framework of valence bond theory, resonance is an extension of the idea that the bonding in a chemical species can be described by a Lewis structure. For many chemical species, a single Lewis structure, consisting of atoms obeying the octet rule, possibly bearing formal charges, and connected by bonds of positive integer order, is sufficient for describing the chemical bonding and ...
Main-group atoms generally obey the octet rule, while transition metals generally obey the 18-electron rule. The noble gases (He, Ne, Ar, Kr, Xe, Rn) are less reactive than other elements because they already have a noble gas configuration. Oganesson is predicted to be more reactive due to relativistic effects for heavy atoms.
The smallest particles of gases are not necessarily simple atoms, but are made up of a certain number of these atoms united by attraction to form a single molecule. Note that this quote is not a literal translation. Avogadro uses the name "molecule" for both atoms and molecules.
The nuclei are as indicated and the single electrons are denoted by dots. The thick lines denote coincident electron pairs. (b) The traditional valence bond theory structure for the B 2 H 6 molecule. The thin curved lines stretching across the boron-hydrogen-boron moiety indicate that the two bonding electrons are delocalised across these three ...