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Often, consuming code registers a callback for a particular type of event. When that event occurs, the callback is called. Callbacks are often used to program the graphical user interface (GUI) of a program that runs in a windowing system. The application supplies a reference to a custom callback function for the windowing system to call.
A number of programming languages are stack-oriented, meaning they define most basic operations (adding two numbers, printing a character) as taking their arguments from the stack, and placing any return values back on the stack. For example, PostScript has a return stack and an operand stack, and also has a graphics state stack and a ...
The RETURN instruction pops the return address from the stack into the instruction pointer and execution resumes at that address. (Examples: x86, PDP-11) In architectures such as the Motorola 96000, the stack area may be allocated in a separate address space, which is called 'Stack Memory Space', [22] distinct from the main memory address space ...
Chicken Scheme compiler, a Scheme to C compiler that uses continuation-passing style for translating Scheme procedures into C functions while using the C-stack as the nursery for the generational garbage collector; Kelsey, Richard A. (March 1995). "A Correspondence between Continuation Passing Style and Static Single Assignment Form".
In a language with free pointers or non-checked array writes (such as in C), the mixing of control flow data which affects the execution of code (the return addresses or the saved frame pointers) and simple program data (parameters or return values) in a call stack is a security risk, and is possibly exploitable through stack buffer overflows ...
PostScript is an example of a postfix stack-based language. An expression example in this language is 2 3 mul ('mul' being the command for the multiplication operation). Calculating the expression involves understanding how stack orientation works. Stack orientation can be presented as the following conveyor belt analogy.
The mechanism underlying macros and conditionals is the register, which in dc is a storage location with a single character name which can be stored to and retrieved from: sc pops the top of the stack and stores it in register c, and lc pushes the value of register c onto the stack. For example: 3 sc 4 lc * p
In most programming languages, functions may take one or more arguments. Usually, each argument must be specified in full (this is the case in the C programming language [1]). Later languages (for example, in C++) allow the programmer to specify default arguments that always have a value, even if one is not specified when calling the function.