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In digital electronics, a NAND gate (NOT-AND) is a logic gate which produces an output which is false only if all its inputs are true; thus its output is complement to that of an AND gate. A LOW (0) output results only if all the inputs to the gate are HIGH (1); if any input is LOW (0), a HIGH (1) output results.
A CMOS transistor NAND element. V dd denotes positive voltage.. In CMOS logic, if both of the A and B inputs are high, then both the NMOS transistors (bottom half of the diagram) will conduct, neither of the PMOS transistors (top half) will conduct, and a conductive path will be established between the output and Vss (ground), bringing the output low.
Logic gates can be made from quantum mechanical effects, see quantum logic gate. Photonic logic gates use nonlinear optical effects. In principle any method that leads to a gate that is functionally complete (for example, either a NOR or a NAND gate) can be used to make any kind of digital logic circuit. Note that the use of 3-state logic for ...
For example, the size complexity of a Boolean circuit is the number of gates in the circuit. There is a natural connection between circuit size complexity and time complexity . [ 2 ] : 355 Intuitively, a language with small time complexity (that is, requires relatively few sequential operations on a Turing machine ), also has a small circuit ...
The following table lists many common symbols, together with their name, how they should be read out loud, and the related field of mathematics. Additionally, the subsequent columns contains an informal explanation, a short example, the Unicode location, the name for use in HTML documents, [1] and the LaTeX symbol.
[1] [2] A well-known complete set of connectives is { AND, NOT}. Each of the singleton sets { NAND} and { NOR} is functionally complete. However, the set { AND, OR} is incomplete, due to its inability to express NOT. A gate (or set of gates) that is functionally complete can also be called a universal gate (or a universal set of gates).
Thus, the inputs to the final OR gate can never be both 1's (this is the only combination for which the OR and XOR outputs differ). Due to the functional completeness property of the NAND and NOR gates, a full adder can also be implemented using nine NAND gates, [4] or nine NOR gates.
Logical conjunction is often used for bitwise operations, where 0 corresponds to false and 1 to true: 0 AND 0 = 0, 0 AND 1 = 0, 1 AND 0 = 0, 1 AND 1 = 1. The operation can also be applied to two binary words viewed as bitstrings of equal length, by taking the bitwise AND of each pair of bits at corresponding positions. For example: