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As a result, the Romans were initially at a disadvantage against the more experienced Carthaginians. To counter this, the Romans introduced the corvus, a bridge 1.2 metres (4 feet) wide and 11 metres (36 feet) long, with a heavy spike on the underside, which was designed to pierce and anchor into an enemy ship's deck. [62]
It lasted 14 years and ended with Roman victory, ensuring that Rome was the dominant power in the Mediterranean basin, while Carthage's influence shrunk to its city and environs. The Third Punic War was started in 151 BCE by Rome on a pretext after Carthage broke a treaty with Rome, and resulted in the complete destruction of the city of Carthage.
The Carthaginians hoped to appease the Romans, but despite the Carthaginians surrendering all of their weapons, the Romans pressed on to besiege the city. The Roman campaign suffered repeated setbacks through 149 BC, only alleviated by Scipio Aemilianus, a middle-ranking officer, distinguishing himself several times. A new Roman commander took ...
The Carthaginians were defeated [4] [5] and by the terms of the Treaty of Lutatius evacuated Sicily and paid Rome an indemnity of 3,200 silver talents [note 1] over ten years. [8] Four years later, Rome seized Sardinia and Corsica on a cynical pretence and imposed a further 1,200 talent indemnity, [ note 2 ] [ 9 ] [ 10 ] actions which fuelled ...
[3] [4] His works include a now lost manual on military tactics, [5] but he is best known for his The Histories, written sometime after 167 BC, or about a century after the Battle of the Bagradas River. [4] [6] Polybius's work is considered broadly objective and largely neutral as between Carthaginian and Roman points of view. [7] [8]
The main source for almost every aspect of the First Punic War [note 2] is the historian Polybius (c. 200 – c. 118 BC), a Greek sent to Rome in 167 BC as a hostage. [4] His works include a manual on military tactics, no longer extant but he is now known for The Histories, written sometime after 146 BC, or about a century after the battle of Adys.
The Numidians withdrew slowly and Sempronius pushed his whole army after them, in three columns, each 4 kilometres (2.5 mi) long, through the icy waters of the Trebia, which was running chest-high. The Romans were met by the Carthaginian light infantry; behind them the entire Carthaginian army was forming up for battle.
The Carthaginian army reassembled 120 kilometres (75 mi) from Utica, but the Romans marched to meet them, leaving the siege largely in the hands of the navy. At the battle of the Great Plains the Carthaginians were again badly beaten. The Roman army marched on Tunis, in time to see the Carthaginian fleet sail from Carthage to relieve Utica ...