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This is a timeline of pure and applied mathematics history.It is divided here into three stages, corresponding to stages in the development of mathematical notation: a "rhetorical" stage in which calculations are described purely by words, a "syncopated" stage in which quantities and common algebraic operations are beginning to be represented by symbolic abbreviations, and finally a "symbolic ...
Predicate logic, originally called predicate calculus, expands on propositional logic by the introduction of variables, usually denoted by x, y, z, or other lowercase letters, and by sentences containing variables, called predicates. These are usually denoted by an uppercase letter followed by a list of variables, such as P(x) or Q(y,z).
Indicator function: maps x to either 1 or 0, depending on whether or not x belongs to some subset. Step function: A finite linear combination of indicator functions of half-open intervals. Heaviside step function: 0 for negative arguments and 1 for positive arguments. The integral of the Dirac delta function. Sawtooth wave; Square wave ...
Graph theory, the study of graphs and networks, is often considered part of combinatorics, but has grown large enough and distinct enough, with its own kind of problems, to be regarded as a subject in its own right. [14] Graphs are one of the prime objects of study in discrete mathematics.
This page will attempt to list examples in mathematics. To qualify for inclusion, an article should be about a mathematical object with a fair amount of concreteness. Usually a definition of an abstract concept, a theorem, or a proof would not be an "example" as the term should be understood here (an elegant proof of an isolated but particularly striking fact, as opposed to a proof of a ...
This is typically the case in sentences like "function of a real variable", "x is the variable of the function f : x ↦ f(x)", "f is a function of the variable x" (meaning that the argument of the function is referred to by the variable x). In the same context, variables that are independent of x define constant functions and are therefore ...
The graph shown here appears as a subgraph of an undirected graph if and only if models the sentence ,,,... In the first-order logic of graphs, a graph property is expressed as a quantified logical sentence whose variables represent graph vertices, with predicates for equality and adjacency testing.
This notion has made it possible to use the methods of graph theory in universal algebra and several other areas of discrete mathematics and computer science.Graph algebras have been used, for example, in constructions concerning dualities, [2] equational theories, [3] flatness, [4] groupoid rings, [5] topologies, [6] varieties, [7] finite-state machines, [8] [9] tree languages and tree ...