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The perfect passive is usually made with the perfect participle combined with sum, e.g. missus sum 'I was sent, I have been sent', ductus sum 'I was led, I have been led'. Some perfect tenses have an irregular stem, for example sum, fuī 'I am', eō, īvī 'I go', ferō, tulī 'I bring, I bear', tollō, sustulī 'I raise, I remove'.
the first person singular of the perfect indicative active; the supine or, in some grammars, the perfect passive participle, which uses the same stem. (Texts that list the perfect passive participle use the future active participle for intransitive verbs.) Some verbs lack this principal part altogether.
There are also indicative paradigms for all six tenses in the passive voice, as follows: (a) Infectum tenses Present: dūcor 'I am led, I am being led' Future: dūcar 'I will be led, I will be being led' Imperfect: dūcēbar 'I was being led, I used to be led' (b) Perfectum tenses Perfect: ductus sum (ductus fuī) 'I was led, I have been led'
Latin verbs have six basic tenses in the indicative mood. Three of these are based on the present stem (e.g. dūc- ) and three on the perfect stem (e.g. dūx- ). In addition, there are four tenses in the subjunctive mood, and two in the imperative.
Just as a 'perfect indicative' verb can represent either a past event or the present result (e.g. 'he has died' = 'he is dead'), so the perfect periphrasis with the 'perfect infinitive' auxiliary fuisse often represent either a past-in-past event or present-in-past result at the time of the reported statement.
If the verb in an apodosis is a future perfect tense in direct speech, it cannot be expressed using an active verb, but it is possible to use or deponent or passive perfect participle with fore: [159] hoc possum dīcere, mē satis adeptum fore, sī nūllum in mē perīculum redundārit (Cicero) [160]
The word perfect in this sense means "completed" (from Latin perfectum, which is the perfect passive participle of the verb perficere "to complete"). In traditional Latin and Ancient Greek grammar, the perfect tense is a particular, conjugated -verb form.
In Latin, most verbs have four principal parts.For example, the verb for "to carry" is given as portō – portāre – portāvī – portātum, where portō is the first-person singular present active indicative ("I carry"), portāre is the present active infinitive ("to carry"), portāvī is the first-person singular perfect active indicative ("I carried"), and portātum is the neuter supine.