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A new method to deliver drugs into the inner ear is demonstrated with a gene-therapy against hearing loss in mice. [350] Researchers demonstrate encoding and storing data – small images – as DNA without new DNA synthesis by recording light exposure into bacterial DNA via optogenetic circuits. The 'biological camera' extends chemical and ...
This is an accepted version of this page This is the latest accepted revision, reviewed on 13 February 2025. Manipulation of an organism's genome For a non-technical introduction to the topic of genetics, see Introduction to genetics. For the song by Orchestral Manoeuvres in the Dark, see Genetic Engineering (song). For the Montreal hardcore band, see Genetic Control. Part of a series on ...
A focus on new model organisms such as viruses and bacteria, along with the discovery of the double helical structure of DNA in 1953, marked the transition to the era of molecular genetics. In the following years, chemists developed techniques for sequencing both nucleic acids and proteins, while many others worked out the relationship between ...
The transferred DNA is piloted to the plant cell nucleus and integrated into the host plants genomic DNA.The plasmid T-DNA is integrated semi-randomly into the genome of the host cell. [ 29 ] By modifying the plasmid to express the gene of interest, researchers can insert their chosen gene stably into the plants genome.
In 1952, Alfred Hershey and Martha Chase confirmed that the genetic material of the bacteriophage, the virus which infects bacteria, is made up of DNA [4] (see Hershey–Chase experiment). In 1953, James Watson and Francis Crick discovered the double helical structure of the DNA molecule based on the discoveries made by Rosalind Franklin. [5]
Some types of non-coding DNA are genetic "switches" that do not encode proteins, but do regulate when and where genes are expressed (called enhancers). [30] Regulatory sequences have been known since the late 1960s. [31] The first identification of regulatory sequences in the human genome relied on recombinant DNA technology. [32]
Griffith proved the existence of a "transforming principle", which Avery, MacLeod and McCarty later showed to be DNA. Various genetic discoveries have been essential in the development of genetic engineering. Genetic inheritance was first discovered by Gregor Mendel in 1865 following experiments crossing peas.
Hershey–Chase experiment proves that phage genetic material is DNA. 1952: The Hershey–Chase experiment proves the genetic information of phages (and, by implication, all other organisms) to be DNA. [29] 1952: an X-ray diffraction image of DNA was taken by Raymond Gosling in May 1952, a student supervised by Rosalind Franklin. [30]