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The oxidation state +4 is the only stable state for the latter two elements and therefore rutherfordium should also exhibit a stable +4 state. [72] In addition, rutherfordium is also expected to be able to form a less stable +3 state. [2] The standard reduction potential of the Rf 4+ /Rf couple is predicted to be higher than −1.7 V. [73]
The Joint Institute for Nuclear Research in Dubna (a Russian city north of Moscow), proposed naming element 105 nielsbohrium (Ns) after Niels Bohr, while the University of California, Berkeley suggested the name hahnium (Ha) in honor of Otto Hahn. IUPAC recommended that element 105 be named dubnium, after Dubna.
Rutherfordium, 104 Rf; Rutherfordium ... This reference is added right after the unit. ionization energy ref. ... E172 would be the end of period 8 ("noble gas") and ...
Low oxidation states are not well-represented for zirconium and hafnium [28] (and should be even less well-represented for rutherfordium); [30] the +3 oxidation state of zirconium and hafnium reduces water. For titanium, this oxidation state is merely easily oxidised, forming a violet Ti 3+ aqua cation in solution. The elements have a ...
41 of the 118 known elements have names associated with, or specifically named for, places around the world or among astronomical objects. 32 of these have names tied to the places on Earth, and the other nine are named after to Solar System objects: helium for the Sun; tellurium for the Earth; selenium for the Moon; mercury (indirectly), uranium, neptunium and plutonium after their respective ...
Ruthenium tetroxide is reduced by cold dilute potassium hydroxide to form black potassium perruthenate, KRuO 4, with ruthenium in the +7 oxidation state. Potassium perruthenate can also be produced by oxidising potassium ruthenate, K 2 RuO 4, with chlorine gas. The perruthenate ion is unstable and is reduced by water to form the orange ruthenate.
It was a very poor and inefficient way of producing energy, and anyone who looked for a source of power in the transformation of the atoms was talking moonshine. But the subject was scientifically interesting because it gave insight into the atoms. [77] [78] The element rutherfordium, Rf, Z=104, was named in honour of Rutherford in 1997. [79]
Oxidation states rise again only after nobelium, showing that a new series of 6d transition metals has begun: lawrencium shows only the +3 oxidation state, and rutherfordium only the +4 state, making them respectively congeners of lutetium and hafnium in the 5d row. [82]