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In polyandrous mating it has been suggested that male cooperation may outweigh the costs of sharing paternity in situations of scarcity, of foods and of high competition levels for land or females. Female size and a large breeding territory defended by more males may force male cooperation.
The following are some of the mating systems generally recognized in animals: Monogamy: One male and one female have an exclusive mating relationship. The term "pair bonding" often implies this. This is associated with one-male, one-female group compositions. There are two types of monogamy: type 1, which is facultative, and type 2, which is ...
The female-biased sexual size dimorphism observed in many taxa evolved despite intense male-male competition for mates. [28] In Osmia rufa , for example, the female is larger/broader than males, with males being 8–10 mm in size and females being 10–12 mm in size. [ 29 ]
The male and female are the only sexually mature fish to reproduce. Clownfish are protandrous hermaphrodites, which means after they mature into males, they eventually can transform into females. They develop undifferentiated until they are needed to fill a certain role in their environment, i.e., if they receive the social and environmental ...
The third step occurs as females compete to lay a clutch into a nest for the next male while the original male is caring for the initial clutch. [11] More successful females tend to produce greater amounts of offspring. Male pregnancy is a common feature in the family Syngnathidae, which includes pipefish, seahorses, and sea dragons. [12]
Normally, female pale chanting goshawks mate with a single male , but in "broken veld" vegetation (a prey-rich habitat in the Little Karoo), a female and two males may form a polyandrous trio. [26] In these cases an alpha male and female will be assisted in raising the young by a beta male.
Amotz Zahavi argued that male sexual characteristics only convey useful information to the females if these traits confer a handicap on the male. [ 53 ] [ 54 ] Zahavi's handicap principle may offer a resolution to the lek paradox, for if females select for the condition of male ornaments, then their offspring have better fitness .
At the same time, the male tries to prevent other males from breeding with the female, using his body to block their access. [1] When copulation is achieved, a male implements a coercive mating strategy known as caudocephalic waving. The male garter snake strikes his own body against the female in quick repeated intervals.