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Res extensa is one of the two substances described by René Descartes in his Cartesian ontology [1] (often referred to as "radical dualism"), alongside res cogitans.Translated from Latin, "res extensa" means "extended thing" while the latter is described as "a thinking and unextended thing". [2]
Describing in philosophical terms what a non-physical entity actually is (or would be) can prove problematic. A convenient example of what constitutes a non-physical entity is a ghost. Gilbert Ryle once labelled Cartesian dualism as positing the "ghost in the machine".
Dualism (politics), the separation of powers between the cabinet and parliament Dualism in medieval politics, opposition to hierocracy (medieval) Epistemological dualism , the epistemological question of whether the world we see around us is the real world itself or merely an internal perceptual copy of that world generated by neural processes ...
Property dualism: the exemplification of two kinds of property by one kind of substance. Property dualism describes a category of positions in the philosophy of mind which hold that, although the world is composed of just one kind of substance—the physical kind—there exist two distinct kinds of properties: physical properties and mental properties.
Interactionism was propounded by the French rationalist philosopher René Descartes (1596–1650), and continues to be associated with him. Descartes posited that the body, being physical matter, was characterized by spatial extension but not by thought and feeling, while the mind, being a separate substance, had no spatial extension but could think and feel. [2]
Hasker regards the soul as an "emergent" substance, dependent upon the body for its existence. [2] [3] Emergent dualism is a type of substance dualism which argues that the soul develops "naturally from the structure and functioning of the organism". [2] [3] Hasker's emergent dualism rejects cartesian dualism, property dualism, and physicalism. [4]
In the Netherlands, where Descartes had lived for a long time, Cartesianism was a doctrine popular mainly among university professors and lecturers.In Germany the influence of this doctrine was not relevant and followers of Cartesianism in the German-speaking border regions between these countries (e.g., the iatromathematician Yvo Gaukes from East Frisia) frequently chose to publish their ...
Cartesian dualism, most famously defended by René Descartes, argues that there are two kinds of substances: mental and physical. [8] [16] Descartes states that the mental can exist outside of the body, and the body cannot think. Substance dualism is important historically for having given rise to much thought regarding the famous mind–body ...