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The heart of NIST's next-generation miniature atomic clock -- ticking at high "optical" frequencies-- is this vapor cell on a chip, shown next to a coffee bean for scale. Conventional vapor cell atomic clocks are about the size of a deck of cards, consume about 10 W of electrical power and cost about $3,000.
Kitching's research focuses on the development of compact devices and instruments that combine elements of precision atomic spectroscopy, silicon micromachining and photonics. In the early 2000s, he and his group pioneered the development of chip-scale atomic clocks and magnetometers based on a patent [5] filed with the USPTO in 2001. These ...
Reducing the size and power consumption of optical clocks is necessary to enable their use in geodesy and GPS navigation. In August 2004, NIST scientists demonstrated a chip-scale atomic clock that was 100 times smaller than an ordinary atomic clock and had a much smaller power consumption of 125 mW.
Cutler worked at Hewlett-Packard Laboratories (1957–1999), where he developed oscillators, atomic frequency standards and designed atomic chronometers. In 1999, he went on to work at Agilent Technologies, a spin-off from H-P, where he developed quartz oscillators, atomic clocks, and used the Global Positioning System to synchronize clocks worldwide. [3]
The Television Interface Adaptor, the custom graphics and audio chip developed for the Atari 2600 in 1977. [97] MOS Technology SID, a programmable sound generator developed for the Commodore 64 in 1982. [97] MOS Technology VIC-II, a video display controller developed for the Commodore 64 in 1982 (5 μm). [97]
Nanotechnology is the manipulation of matter with at least one dimension sized from 1 to 100 nanometers (nm). At this scale, commonly known as the nanoscale, surface area and quantum mechanical effects become important in describing properties of matter.
Products included hydrogen masers, rubidium and cesium atomic standards, temperature and oven controlled crystal oscillators, miniature and chip scale atomic clocks, network time servers, network sync management systems, cable timekeeping solutions, telecom synchronization supply units (SSUs), and timing test sets.
Molecular electronics [6] is a technology under development brings hope for future atomic-scale electronic systems. A promising application of molecular electronics was proposed by the IBM researcher Ari Aviram and the theoretical chemist Mark Ratner in their 1974 and 1988 papers Molecules for Memory, Logic and Amplification (see unimolecular ...