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Adi Shankara, in his review of the Mundaka Upanishad, calls the meditation as Yoga. [32] In verse 2.2.2, the Mundaka Upanishad asserts that Atman-Brahman is the real. [33] In verse 2.2.3, it offers an aid to the meditation process, namely Om (Aum). The poetic verse is structured as a teacher-pupil conversation, where the teacher calls the pupil ...
The Upanishads (/ ʊ ˈ p ʌ n ɪ ʃ ə d z /; [1] Sanskrit: उपनिषद्, IAST: Upaniṣad, pronounced [ˈupɐniʂɐd]) are late Vedic and post-Vedic Sanskrit texts that "document the transition from the archaic ritualism of the Veda into new religious ideas and institutions" [2] and the emergence of the central religious concepts of Hinduism.
The word śālā (Skt: शाला) appears extensively in the Vedic literature, such as verse 3.12.1, 5.31.5 and others of Atharva Veda, verse 1.2.3.1 of Taittirīya Brāhmaṇa, and 1.1.3 of the Mundaka Upanishad. [6] Its proper use in classical Sanskrit is included in various verses such as 6.2.102 and 6.2.121 of the Astadhyayi of Panini. [7]
Katha Upanishad, verses 1.1.1–3, partially 4 (the text starts in the mid-1st-line, after salutations to Ganesha) The thick text is the Upanishad scripture, the small text in the margins and edges are an unknown scholar's notes and comments in the typical Hindu style of a minor bhasya.
[34]: 158 Thus, when they come to Mundaka Upanishad 1.1.6, which defines paravidya as that by which Akshar is known (“atha parā yayā akṣaram adhigamyate”), they conclude that the term Akshar cannot but refer to the Supreme Being. Yet, in the following chapter of the Mundaka Upanishad, commenting on verse 2.1.2, they construe Akshar ...
The Mundaka Upanishad then answers this question in two parts over verses 1.1.4 through 3.2.11. [22] These verses split knowledge into two sections: lower knowledge and higher knowledge. Lower knowledge includes Vedas, phonetics, grammar, etymology, meter, astronomy and ceremony rituals. [23]
In Mundaka Upanishad verses 1.1.3-7, Aksara is discussed in the context of the higher knowledge. The lower knowledge (apara vidya) includes knowledge of four Vedas, phonetics, grammar, etymology, meter, astrology, and the knowledge of sacrifices and rituals. [7]
The chronology of Katha Upanishad is unclear and contested, but it is generally considered to belong to the later Upanishads, dated to the 5th [3] [4] to first centuries BCE. [5] The Kathaka Upanishad is an important ancient Sanskrit corpus of the Vedanta sub-schools, and an influential Śruti to the diverse schools of Hinduism. It asserts that ...