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Histopathology of placenta with increased syncytial knotting of chorionic villi, with two knots pointed out. The following characteristics of placentas have been said to be associated with placental insufficiency, however all of them occur in normal healthy placentas and full term healthy births, so none of them can be used to accurately diagnose placental insufficiency: [citation needed]
Cerebroplacental ratio is a tool used in obstetric ultrasound to predict adverse pregnancy outcome. [1] It is measured by dividing the pulsatility index of the middle cerebral artery of the foetus by the pulsatility index of the umbilical artery of the foetus. A cerebroplacental ratio lower than 1-1.1 in uncomplicated pregnancies is indicative ...
Large placental infarcts are associated with vascular abnormalities, e.g. hypertrophic decidual vasculopathy, as seen in hypertension. [1] Very large infarcts lead to placental insufficiency and may result in fetal death. Placental infarcts are generally detected after birth, although using ultrasound may be a way to notice infarcts prenatally.
Artist's depiction of a foetus at 38 weeks' gestation. Foetal cerebral redistribution or 'brain-sparing' is a diagnosis in foetal medicine.It is characterised by preferential flow of blood towards the brain at the expense of the other vital organs, and it occurs as a haemodynamic adaptation in foetuses which have placental insufficiency.
This commonly occurs around 32 weeks of gestation, but can be as early as late mid-trimester. [8] More than half of women affected by placenta praevia (51.6%) have bleeding before delivery . [ 9 ] This bleeding often starts mildly and may increase as the area of placental separation increases.
Placental abruption [citation needed] Placental insufficiency: This is a condition in which the placenta does not function properly, leading to an insufficient supply of oxygen and nutrients to the developing baby, potentially affecting amniotic fluid production. [12] Twin-twin transfusion; Placental thrombosis or infarction
Placental Disease can be diagnosed through technologies such as, Prenatal ultrasound evaluation and invasive foetal testing. The size of the foetus is taken into account through ultrasonography in terms of intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR). In conjunction with taking into account the maternal history. [8]
If velamentous cord insertion is diagnosed, fetal growth is assessed every four weeks using ultrasound beginning at 28 weeks. If intrauterine growth restriction is observed, the umbilical cord is also assessed for signs of compression. Non-stress tests may be performed twice a week to ensure adequate blood flow to the fetus. [16]