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The strength of inductive effect is also dependent on the distance between the substituent group and the main group that react; the longer the distance, the weaker the effect. Inductive effects can be expressed quantitatively through the Hammett equation, which describes the relationship between reaction rates and equilibrium constants with ...
The inductive effect is cumulative: trichloroacetic acid is 1000x stronger than chloroacetic acid. The impact of the EWG on pKa decreases with distances from the carboxylic group. For benzoic acids, the effect is quantified by the Hammett equation: = where
Field effects, F, are defined to include all effects (inductive and pure field). Likewise, effects due to resonance, R, are due to the average of electron-donating ability and electron-accepting ability. These two effects are assumed to be independent of each other and therefore can be written as a linear combination:
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Mathematical and theoretical biology, or biomathematics, is a branch of biology which employs theoretical analysis, mathematical models and abstractions of living organisms to investigate the principles that govern the structure, development and behavior of the systems, as opposed to experimental biology which deals with the conduction of ...
Inductive reasoning aptitude; Collective Induction, in psychology; Hypnotic induction, causing hypnosis "Induction", a song by Broken Spindles from Fulfilled/complete "Induction" (short story), a short story by Greg Egan
This effect was described in 1935 by John W. Baker and W. S. Nathan. [ 2 ] [ 3 ] [ 4 ] They examined the chemical kinetics for the reaction of pyridine with benzyl bromide to form a pyridinium salt, and a series of benzyl bromides having different alkyl groups as substituents at the para position.
The mesomeric effect as a result of p-orbital overlap (resonance) has absolutely no effect on this inductive effect, as the inductive effect has purely to do with the electronegativity of the atoms and their topology in the molecule (which atoms are connected to which). Specifically the inductive effect is the tendency for the substituents to ...