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During C 4 photosynthesis, an evolved pathway to increase localized CO 2 concentrations under the threat of enhanced photorespiration, CO 2 is captured within mesophyll cells, fixed as oxaloacetate, converted into malate and released internally within bundle sheath cells to directly feed RuBisCO activity. [9]
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate, abbreviated NADP [1] [2] or, in older notation, TPN (triphosphopyridine nucleotide), is a cofactor used in anabolic reactions, such as the Calvin cycle and lipid and nucleic acid syntheses, which require NADPH as a reducing agent ('hydrogen source').
The actual concentration of NAD + in cell cytosol is harder to measure, with recent estimates in animal cells ranging around 0.3 mM, [18] [19] and approximately 1.0 to 2.0 mM in yeast. [20] However, more than 80% of NADH fluorescence in mitochondria is from bound form, so the concentration in solution is much lower.
The electron transport chain of photosynthesis is often put in a diagram called the Z-scheme, because the redox diagram from P680 to P700 resembles the letter Z. [3] The final product of PSII is plastoquinol, a mobile electron carrier in the membrane. Plastoquinol transfers the electron from PSII to the proton pump, cytochrome b6f. The ultimate ...
The Rossmann fold is a tertiary fold found in proteins that bind nucleotides, such as enzyme cofactors FAD, NAD +, and NADP +.This fold is composed of alternating beta strands and alpha helical segments where the beta strands are hydrogen bonded to each other forming an extended beta sheet and the alpha helices surround both faces of the sheet to produce a three-layered sandwich.
Reaction centers are present in all green plants, algae, and many bacteria.A variety in light-harvesting complexes exist across the photosynthetic species. Green plants and algae have two different types of reaction centers that are part of larger supercomplexes known as P700 in Photosystem I and P680 in Photosystem II.
The apicoplast organelle in these organisms is believed to have come from an endosymbiotic event in which an ancestral protozoan engulfed an algal cell. [7] These apicoplasts contain plant-like FNRs that the protozoan uses to generate reduced ferredoxin , which is then used as a reductant in essential biosynthetic pathways. [ 17 ]
P. Mathis (Ed.), Photosynthesis: From Light to Biosphere, vol. 1, Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1995, p. 959-962. Valverde F, Losada M, Serrano A (1997). "Functional complementation of an Escherichia coli gap mutant supports an amphibolic role for NAD(P)-dependent glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase of Synechocystis sp. strain PCC 6803". J.