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Varenicline is indicated for use as an aid to smoking cessation treatment [5] and for the treatment of the signs and symptoms of dry eye disease. [6] Varenicline is used to help people stop smoking tobacco (smoking cessation). A meta-analysis found that 20% of people treated with varenicline remain abstinent from smoking at one year. [15]
[9] [10] In a further Phase IIb trial, a statistically significant number of patients with a high anti-nicotine antibody response met the primary endpoint of eight weeks of continuous abstinence between weeks 19–26. The top 30% of antibody responders (61 of the total 201 patients receiving drug) were examined in detail.
Treatments other than medication, such as increased exercise, can also reduce nicotine withdrawal symptoms. Many behavior changes such as avoiding situations where one usually smoked, planning ahead to deal with temptations, and seeking the support of friends and family are effective in helping people quit smoking, but whether this is due to ...
New strategies are required to solve this significant health issue in the midst of these obstacles in order to promote smoking cessation. Immunotherapy-based methods, such as the use of vaccines to treat addiction, have been documented in the literature since the 1960s and 1970s. [ 23 ]
However, the investment in NHS stop smoking services is relatively low. A comparison with treatment costs for illicit drug users shows that £585 million is committed for 350,000 problem drug users compared to £56 million for 9 million users of tobacco. This is £6.20 for each smoker, compared to £1,670 per illegal drug user. [22]
Cytisine has a short half-life of 4.8 hours. [10] As a result, the extract provides smokers with satisfaction similar to smoking a cigarette, alleviating the urge to smoke and reducing the severity of nicotine withdrawal symptoms, while also reducing the reward experience of any cigarettes smoked. [11]
The bupropion treatment course lasts for seven to twelve weeks, with the patient halting the use of tobacco about ten days into the course. [57] [10] After the course, the effectiveness of bupropion for maintaining abstinence from smoking declines over time, from 37% of tobacco abstinence at 3 months to 20% at one year. [58]
The first study of the pharmacokinetics of a transdermal nicotine patch in humans was published in 1984 [3] by Jed Rose, Murray Jarvik, and Daniel Rose, and was followed by publication by Rose et al. (1985) of results of a study of smokers showing that a transdermal nicotine patch reduced craving for cigarettes. [4]