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Subtraction games are generally impartial games, meaning that the set of moves available in a given position does not depend on the player whose turn it is to move.For such a game, the states can be divided up into -positions (positions in which the previous player, who just moved, is winning) and -positions (positions in which the next player to move is winning), and an optimal game playing ...
Subtract-a-square can also be played as a misère game, in which the player to make the last subtraction loses. The recursive algorithm to determine 'hot' and 'cold' numbers for the misère game is the same as that for the normal game, except that for the misère game the number 1 is 'cold' whilst 2 is 'hot'.
American schools teach a method of subtraction using borrowing. [12] A subtraction problem such as is solved by borrowing a 10 from the tens place to add to the ones place in order to facilitate the subtraction. Subtracting 9 from 6 involves borrowing a 10 from the tens place, making the problem into +. This is indicated by crossing out the 8 ...
Interactive subtraction game: Players take turns removing 1, 2 or 3 objects from an initial pool of 21 objects. The player taking the last object wins. In another game which is commonly known as nim (but is better called the subtraction game ), an upper bound is imposed on the number of objects that can be removed in a turn.
Constant sum: A game is a constant sum game if the sum of the payoffs to every player are the same for every single set of strategies. In these games, one player gains if and only if another player loses. A constant sum game can be converted into a zero sum game by subtracting a fixed value from all payoffs, leaving their relative order unchanged.
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Example of modular arithmetic using a clock: after adding 4 hours to 9 o'clock, the hand starts at the beginning again and points at 1 o'clock. There are many other types of arithmetic. Modular arithmetic operates on a finite set of numbers. If an operation would result in a number outside this finite set then the number is adjusted back into ...
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