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An amniocentesis is typically performed in the second trimester between the 15th and 20th week of gestation. [5] Women who choose to have this test are primarily those at increased risk for genetic and chromosomal problems, in part because the test is invasive and carries a small risk of pregnancy loss . [ 5 ]
Chorioamnionitis is inflammation of the amniotic sac (chorio-+ amnion + -itis), usually because of infection. It is a risk factor for neonatal sepsis. During labor, the amniotic sac must break so that the child can be born. This is known as rupture of membranes (ROM). Normally, it occurs spontaneously at full term either during or at the ...
Amnioinfusion is a method in which isotonic fluid is instilled into the uterine cavity.. It was introduced in the 1960s as a means of terminating pregnancy and inducing labor in intrauterine death, but is currently used as a treatment in order to correct fetal heart rate changes caused by umbilical cord compression, indicated by variable decelerations seen on fetal heart rate monitoring.
the incision is usually a classical vertical one, with a greater risk of complications in subsequent pregnancies; the longer duration of the surgery, while the fetal intervention is performed; a second surgery is required days or weeks later – a Caesarean section to deliver the baby, which brings its own set of risks.
A contraction stress test (CST) is performed near the end of pregnancy (34 weeks' gestation) to determine how well the fetus will cope with the contractions of childbirth. The aim is to induce contractions and monitor the fetus to check for heart rate abnormalities using a cardiotocograph. A CST is one type of antenatal fetal surveillance ...
Chorionic villus sampling (CVS), which can be performed after the 10th week of gestation, is the most common form of prenatal diagnosis. Both CVS and amniocentesis present developmental risks to the fetus that have to be balanced with the possible benefits, especially in cases where the carrier status of only one parent is known. [2] Mate ...
Genetic counseling may be useful, too, especially when weighing the pros and cons of more invasive procedures such as chorionic villus sampling and amniocentesis. These invasive procedures are usually performed when there is a suspected chromosomal abnormality or genetic defect and will confirm a diagnosis. [citation needed]
Looking at the C-section rates between 1976 and 1996, one large study done in the U.S. found that the proportion of pregnancies delivered by C section increased from 6.7% in 1976 to 14.2% in 1996, with maternal choice the most frequent reason given. [87] By 2018 the rate had climbed to one-third of all births. [88]