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In theoretical computer science, an algorithm is correct with respect to a specification if it behaves as specified. Best explored is functional correctness, which refers to the input-output behavior of the algorithm: for each input it produces an output satisfying the specification. [1]
Python sets are very much like mathematical sets, and support operations like set intersection and union. Python also features a frozenset class for immutable sets, see Collection types. Dictionaries (class dict) are mutable mappings tying keys and corresponding values. Python has special syntax to create dictionaries ({key: value})
The meaning given to a combination of symbols is handled by semantics (either formal or hard-coded in a reference implementation). Valid syntax must be established before semantics can make meaning out of it. [7] Not all syntactically correct programs are semantically correct.
In computing, compiler correctness is the branch of computer science that deals with trying to show that a compiler behaves according to its language specification. [citation needed] Techniques include developing the compiler using formal methods and using rigorous testing (often called compiler validation) on an existing compiler.
It is also not necessarily the case that a particular tree will have only one sequence of valid transitions that can reach it, so a dynamic oracle (which may permit multiple choices of operations) will increase performance. [22] A modification to this is arc-eager parsing, which adds another operation: Reduce (remove the top token on the stack ...
This resolution technique uses proof by contradiction and is based on the fact that any sentence in propositional logic can be transformed into an equivalent sentence in conjunctive normal form. [4] The steps are as follows. All sentences in the knowledge base and the negation of the sentence to be proved (the conjecture) are conjunctively ...
In classical logic, with its intended semantics, the truth values are true (denoted by 1 or the verum ⊤), and untrue or false (denoted by 0 or the falsum ⊥); that is, classical logic is a two-valued logic.
The corresponding logical symbols are "", "", [6] and , [10] and sometimes "iff".These are usually treated as equivalent. However, some texts of mathematical logic (particularly those on first-order logic, rather than propositional logic) make a distinction between these, in which the first, ↔, is used as a symbol in logic formulas, while ⇔ is used in reasoning about those logic formulas ...