Search results
Results from the WOW.Com Content Network
They are abstractions of how intuitive properties of size (length, area, volume) of a set sum when considering multiple objects. Additivity is a weaker condition than σ-additivity; that is, σ-additivity implies additivity. The term modular set function is equivalent to additive set function; see modularity below.
Illustration of angle addition formulae for the sine and cosine of acute angles. Emphasized segment is of unit length. Diagram showing the angle difference identities for sin ( α − β ) {\displaystyle \sin(\alpha -\beta )} and cos ( α − β ) {\displaystyle \cos(\alpha -\beta )}
Informally, a measure has the property of being monotone in the sense that if is a subset of , the measure of is less than or equal to the measure of . Furthermore, the measure of the empty set is required to be 0. A simple example is a volume (how big an object occupies a space) as a measure.
The properties given here can be summarized by the following terminology: Given any outer measure μ {\displaystyle \mu } on a set X , {\displaystyle X,} the collection of all μ {\displaystyle \mu } -measurable subsets of X {\displaystyle X} is a σ-algebra .
In particular, the Euclidean distance in a Euclidean space is defined by a norm on the associated Euclidean vector space, called the Euclidean norm, the 2-norm, or, sometimes, the magnitude or length of the vector. This norm can be defined as the square root of the inner product of a vector with itself.
In mathematics, a probability measure is a real-valued function defined on a set of events in a σ-algebra that satisfies measure properties such as countable additivity. [1] The difference between a probability measure and the more general notion of measure (which includes concepts like area or volume ) is that a probability measure must ...
An additive utility function is characteristic of independent goods. For example, an apple and a hat are considered independent: the utility a person receives from having an apple is the same whether or not he has a hat, and vice versa. A typical utility function for this case is given at the right.
The simplest form of a group-contribution method is the determination of a component property by summing up the group contributions : [] = +.This simple form assumes that the property (normal boiling point in the example) is strictly linearly dependent on the number of groups, and additionally no interaction between groups and molecules are assumed.