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The growing block universe, or the growing block view, is a theory of time arguing that the past and present both exist, and the future as yet does not. The present is an objective property, to be compared with a moving spotlight. By the passage of time more of the world comes into being; therefore, the block universe is said to be growing.
Einstein's static universe, aka the Einstein universe or the Einstein static eternal universe, is a relativistic model of the universe proposed by Albert Einstein in 1917. [1] [2] Shortly after completing the general theory of relativity, Einstein applied his new theory of gravity to the universe as a whole. Assuming a universe that was static ...
This theory is used, for instance, in Julian Barbour's theory of timelessness. [20] On the other hand, George Ellis argues that time is absent in cosmological theories because of the details they leave out. [21] Recently, Hrvoje Nikolić has argued that a block time model solves the black hole information paradox. [22]
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A cyclic model (or oscillating model) is any of several cosmological models in which the universe follows infinite, or indefinite, self-sustaining cycles. For example, the oscillating universe theory briefly considered by Albert Einstein in 1930 theorized a universe following an eternal series of oscillations, each beginning with a Big Bang and ending with a Big Crunch; in the interim, the ...
In order to ensure that his field equations predict a static universe, as was commonly thought at the time, Einstein introduced the cosmological constant (capital lambda). In the early 1930s, upon learning of Edwin Hubble's confirmation of the expansion of the universe, Einstein retracted .
Since giving the Einstein tensor does not fully determine the Riemann tensor, but leaves the Weyl tensor unspecified (see the Ricci decomposition), the Einstein equation may be considered a kind of compatibility condition: the spacetime geometry must be consistent with the amount and motion of any matter or non-gravitational fields, in the ...
Albert Einstein, who had developed his theory of general relativity in 1915, initially denied the possibility of black holes, [4] even though they were a genuine implication of the Schwarzschild metric, obtained by Karl Schwarzschild in 1916, the first known non-trivial exact solution to Einstein's field equations. [1]