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Radiant heating and cooling originated as separate systems but now share a similar form. Radiant heating has a long history in Asia and Europe. The earliest systems, from as early as 5000 BC, were found in northern China and Korea. Archaeological findings show kang and dikang, heated beds and floors in ancient Chinese homes. Kang originated in ...
Central heating systems: These systems produce heat in one central location and distribute it throughout the building. This category includes furnaces, boilers, and heat pumps. [1] [2] Distributed heating systems: These systems generate heat in the space they are to heat, without extensive duct systems. Examples include electric space heaters ...
The energy conserving property has been defined as thermal emittance (the ability of a surface to release radiant energy that it has absorbed). Those coatings qualified as Interior Radiation Control Coatings must show a thermal emittance of 0.25 or less. This means that an IRCCS will block 75% or more of the radiant heat transfer. These low "E ...
Waste heat from fluorescent lamps is captured in the return air of the heating system; in large buildings a substantial part of the annual heating energy is supplied by the lighting system. However, this waste heat becomes a liability when using air conditioning. Such expenses can be avoided by integrating an energy efficient lighting system ...
The ASHRAE Handbook is the four-volume flagship publication of the nonprofit technical organization ASHRAE (American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers [a]). This Handbook is considered the most comprehensive and authoritative repository of practical knowledge on the various topics that form the field of heating ...
An owner's manual (also called an instruction manual or a user guide) is an instructional book or booklet that is supplied with almost all technologically advanced consumer products such as vehicles, home appliances and computer peripherals. Information contained in the owner's manual typically includes:
Oil heaters consist of metal columns with cavities inside, where heat-transfer oil flows freely around the heater. A heating element at the base of the heater heats the diathermic oil, which flows around the cavities of the heater by convection. The oil has a relatively high specific heat capacity and a high boiling point.
Radiant flux emitted, reflected, transmitted or received, per unit solid angle. This is a directional quantity. Spectral intensity: I e,Ω,ν [nb 3] watt per steradian per hertz W⋅sr −1 ⋅Hz −1: M⋅L 2 ⋅T −2: Radiant intensity per unit frequency or wavelength. The latter is commonly measured in W⋅sr −1 ⋅nm −1. This is a ...