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Lung cancer is one of the most lethal and common forms of cancer worldwide. Pollution, smoking (active and passive), radiation (in the form of x-rays or gamma rays) [1] and asbestos are risk factors for lung cancer. Symptoms may include persistent cough, chest pain, coughing up blood, fatigue, and swelling of the neck and face.
Distribution of lung cancer in the United States. Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer-related deaths in the United States and Europe and is a major cause of death in other countries. [54] Tobacco is an environmental carcinogen and the major underlying cause of lung cancer. [54] Between 25% and 40% of all cancer deaths and about 90% of ...
Lung cancer is the most diagnosed and deadliest cancer worldwide, with 2.2 million cases in 2020 resulting in 1.8 million deaths. [3] Lung cancer is rare in those younger than 40; the average age at diagnosis is 70 years, and the average age at death 72. [2] Incidence and outcomes vary widely across the world, depending on patterns of tobacco use.
In epidemiology, a risk factor or determinant is a variable associated with an increased risk of disease or infection. [ 1 ] : 38 Due to a lack of harmonization across disciplines, determinant , in its more widely accepted scientific meaning , is often used as a synonym.
Several preventable causes of cancer were highlighted in Doll and Peto's landmark 1981 study, [5] estimating that 75 – 80% of cancers in the United States could be prevented by avoidance of 11 different factors. A 2013 review of more recent cancer prevention literature by Schottenfeld et al., [51] summarizing studies reported between 2000 and ...
A 2011 study found that TP53 codon 72 polymorphism was associated with an increased risk of lung cancer. [ 20 ] Meta-analyses from 2011 found no significant associations between TP53 codon 72 polymorphisms and both colorectal cancer risk [ 21 ] and endometrial cancer risk. [ 22 ]
Other risk factors include genetics and infection with the simian virus 40. [3] The diagnosis may be suspected based on chest X-ray and CT scan findings, and is confirmed by either examining fluid produced by the cancer or by a tissue biopsy of the cancer. [2] Prevention focuses on reducing exposure to asbestos. [5]
The risk of dying from lung cancer before age 85 is 22.1% for a male smoker and 11.9% for a female smoker, in the absence of competing causes of death. The corresponding estimates for lifelong nonsmokers are a 1.1% probability of dying from lung cancer before age 85 for a man of European descent, and a 0.8% probability for a woman. [70]
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