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1972 — Jacob Bekenstein suggests that black holes have an entropy proportional to their surface area due to information loss effects; 1974 — Stephen Hawking applies quantum field theory to black hole spacetimes and shows that black holes will radiate particles with a black-body spectrum which can cause black hole evaporation
For black holes, this manifests as Hawking radiation, and the larger question of how the black hole possesses a temperature is part of the topic of black hole thermodynamics. For accelerating particles, this manifests as the Unruh effect , which causes space around the particle to appear to be filled with matter and radiation.
History of black holes. Timeline of black hole physics – Timeline of black hole physics; John Michell – geologist who first proposed the idea "dark stars" in 1783 [3] Dark star; Pierre-Simon Laplace – early mathematical theorist (1796) of the idea of black holes [4] [5] Albert Einstein – in 1915, arrived at the theory of general relativity
A black hole with the mass of a car would have a diameter of about 10 −24 m and take a nanosecond to evaporate, during which time it would briefly have a luminosity of more than 200 times that of the Sun. Lower-mass black holes are expected to evaporate even faster; for example, a black hole of mass 1 TeV/c 2 would take less than 10 −88 ...
A black hole of one solar mass (M ☉ = 2.0 × 10 30 kg) takes more than 10 67 years to evaporate—much longer than the current age of the universe at 1.4 × 10 10 years. [22] But for a black hole of 10 11 kg, the evaporation time is 2.6 × 10 9 years. This is why some astronomers are searching for signs of exploding primordial black holes.
The final-state proposal [66] suggests that boundary conditions must be imposed at the black-hole singularity, which, from a causal perspective, is to the future of all events in the black-hole interior. This helps reconcile black-hole evaporation with unitarity but contradicts the intuitive idea of causality and locality of time-evolution.
A simulated particle collision in the LHC. The safety of high energy particle collisions was a topic of widespread discussion and topical interest during the time when the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC) and later the Large Hadron Collider (LHC)—currently the world's largest and most powerful particle accelerator—were being constructed and commissioned.
By this time, if protons do decay, the Black Hole Era, in which black holes are the only remaining celestial objects, begins. [9] [141] 3.14×10 50 (314 quindecillion) The estimated time until a micro black hole of one Earth mass today, will have decayed into subatomic particles by the emission of Hawking radiation. [147] 10 65 (100 vigintillion)