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The C programming language's bit fields, pseudo-objects found in structs with size equal to some number of bits, are in fact small bit arrays; they are limited in that they cannot span words. Although they give a convenient syntax, the bits are still accessed using bytewise operators on most machines, and they can only be defined statically ...
The major changes in this release include 1) the serialization order of N-D array elements changes from column-major to row-major, 2) _ArrayData_ construct for complex N-D array changes from a 1-D vector to a two-row matrix, 3) support non-string valued keys in the hash data JSON representation, and 4) add a new _ByteStream_ object to serialize ...
A tag of 2 indicates that the following byte string encodes an unsigned bignum. A tag of 32 indicates that the following text string is a URI as defined in RFC 3986. RFC 8746 defines tags 64–87 to encode homogeneous arrays of fixed-size integer or floating-point values as byte strings. The tag 55799 is allocated to mean "CBOR data follows".
Python uses the + operator for string concatenation. Python uses the * operator for duplicating a string a specified number of times. The @ infix operator is intended to be used by libraries such as NumPy for matrix multiplication. [104] [105] The syntax :=, called the "walrus operator", was introduced in Python 3.8. It assigns values to ...
For function that manipulate strings, modern object-oriented languages, like C# and Java have immutable strings and return a copy (in newly allocated dynamic memory), while others, like C manipulate the original string unless the programmer copies data to a new string.
The only literal byte pair left occurs only once, and the encoding might stop here. Alternatively, the process could continue with recursive byte pair encoding, replacing "ZY" with "X": XdXac X=ZY Y=ab Z=aa This data cannot be compressed further by byte pair encoding because there are no pairs of bytes that occur more than once.
Although HDLC framing has an overhead of <1% in the average case, it suffers from a very poor worst-case overhead of 100%; for inputs that consist entirely of bytes that require escaping, HDLC byte stuffing will double the size of the input. The COBS algorithm, on the other hand, tightly bounds the worst-case overhead.
In an actual stack buffer overflow exploit the string of "A"'s would instead be shellcode suitable to the platform and desired function. If this program had special privileges (e.g. the SUID bit set to run as the superuser ), then the attacker could use this vulnerability to gain superuser privileges on the affected machine.