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  2. Molecular Evolutionary Genetics Analysis - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecular_Evolutionary...

    Rejecting the null hypothesis of neutrality occurs when the P-Value is less than 0.05. If the differences per synonymous site exceed those per nonsynonymous site, MEGA assigns a P-Value of 1, indicating purifying selection rather than positive selection. [32]

  3. List of open-source bioinformatics software - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_open-source...

    Common Public 1.0 GenoViz Integrated Genome Browser: Java-based desktop genome browser: Linux, macOS, Windows: Common Public 1.0 GenoViz InterMine: Extensive data warehouse system for the analysis and integration of biological datasets written in Java and JavaScript Cross-platform: LGPL: University of Cambridge: LabKey Server

  4. Biology - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biology

    [1] [6] Hence, there are multiple subdisciplines within biology, each defined by the nature of their research questions and the tools that they use. [ 7 ] [ 8 ] [ 9 ] Like other scientists, biologists use the scientific method to make observations , pose questions, generate hypotheses , perform experiments, and form conclusions about the world ...

  5. Endoplasmic-reticulum-associated protein degradation

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endoplasmic-reticulum...

    The Vpu protein of HIV-1 is a protein on the ER membrane and targets newly made CD4 in the endoplasmic reticulum for degradation by cytosolic proteasomes. [3] Vpu only utilizes part of the ERAD process to degrade CD4. CD4 is normally a stable protein and is not likely to be a target for ERAD.

  6. Central dogma of molecular biology - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_dogma_of_molecular...

    It is often stated as "DNA makes RNA, and RNA makes protein", [1] although this is not its original meaning. It was first stated by Francis Crick in 1957, [2] [3] then published in 1958: [4] [5] The Central Dogma. This states that once "information" has passed into protein it cannot get out again.

  7. Genome - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genome

    A genome is all the genetic information of an organism. [1] It consists of nucleotide sequences of DNA (or RNA in RNA viruses ). The nuclear genome includes protein-coding genes and non-coding genes, other functional regions of the genome such as regulatory sequences (see non-coding DNA ), and often a substantial fraction of junk DNA with no ...

  8. Cell biology - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_biology

    [1] [2] All living organisms are made of cells. A cell is the basic unit of life that is responsible for the living and functioning of organisms. [3] Cell biology is the study of the structural and functional units of cells.

  9. Untranslated region - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Untranslated_region

    [1] The 5' UTR is upstream from the coding sequence. Within the 5' UTR is a sequence that is recognized by the ribosome which allows the ribosome to bind and initiate translation. The mechanism of translation initiation differs in prokaryotes and eukaryotes. The 3' UTR is found immediately following the translation stop codon.