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Decreased exposure of the skin to sunlight is a common cause of vitamin D deficiency. [1] People with a darker skin pigment with increased amounts of melanin may have decreased production of vitamin D. [3] Melanin absorbs ultraviolet B radiation from the sun and reduces vitamin D production. [3] Sunscreen can also reduce vitamin D production. [3]
Treatment efforts may involve many clinical and diagnostic manoeuvers, such as trying to decrease phosphate, [7] normalize vitamin D (calcidiol levels) or decrease PTH and/or alkaline phosphatase levels. [8] However, there is an important lack of randomized clinical studies and recent guidelines (KDIGO 2017) have been recently released on the ...
This condition can be caused by vitamin D, calcium or phosphorus deficiency. [86] Vitamin D deficiency remains the main cause of rickets among young infants in most countries because breast milk is low in vitamin D, and darker skin, social customs, and climatic conditions can contribute to inadequate sun exposure.
Lack of calcium can lead to renal osteodystrophy (bone weakening). On the other hand, too much calcium can cause calcification or calciphylaxis (calcium deposits in places such as the heart. [5] Vitamin D is a fat-soluble vitamin, meaning that excessive amounts can be damaging so it should be prescribed and monitored by a doctor.
In the early stages of the disease, this can result in mild symptoms such as reduced appetite or feelings of fatigue, but as CKD progresses, "complications like high blood pressure, heart disease ...
[9] [10] Vitamin-D supplements may not be effective in people with severe kidney disease. [11] [10] Excessive doses in humans can result in vomiting, constipation, muscle weakness, and confusion. [5] Other risks include kidney stones. [11] Doses greater than 40 000 IU (1000 μg) per day are generally required before high blood calcium occurs. [12]
Vitamin D compounds, specifically cholecalciferol (D3) and ergocalciferol (D2), are used in rodenticides due to their ability to induce hypercalcemia, a condition characterized by elevated calcium levels in the blood. This overdose leads to organ failure and is pharmacologically similar to vitamin D's toxic effects in humans.
Calcitriol is a hormone and the active form of vitamin D, normally made in the kidney. [8] [9] [10] It is also known as 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol.It binds to and activates the vitamin D receptor in the nucleus of the cell, which then increases the expression of many genes. [11]
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