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Many modifications of pyrrolidine are found in natural and synthetic drugs and drug candidates. [6] The pyrrolidine ring structure is present in numerous natural alkaloids i.a. nicotine and hygrine. It is found in many drugs such as procyclidine and bepridil. It also forms the basis for the racetam compounds (e.g. piracetam, aniracetam).
For example, herbs containing PAs were used in traditional Chinese medicine and by Native American tribes for their purported therapeutic properties. [3] It has been estimated that 3% of the world's flowering plants contain pyrrolizidine alkaloids. [4] Honey can contain pyrrolizidine alkaloids, [5] [6] as can grains, milk, offal and eggs. [7]
Among the most important representatives of the pyrrolidine alkaloids are hygrin and cuscohygrin. [2] Another representative is the (-)- codonopsinine . [ 3 ] Furthermore, ruspolinone , norruspolinone and norruspoline also belong to this alkaloid group.
Nicotine is a molecule containing a pyrrolidine ring attached to a ring of pyridine (other heterocyclic amine). Nicotine belongs to a group of compounds known as alkaloids, which are naturally occurring organic compounds with nitrogen in them. Pyrrole is another compound made up of molecules with a five-membered heterocyclic ring. These ...
Racetams, also sometimes known simply as pyrrolidones, [1] are a class of drugs that share a pyrrolidone nucleus. [2] [3] [4] Many, but not all, specifically have a 2-oxo-1-pyrrolidine acetamide nucleus. Some racetams, such as piracetam, aniracetam, oxiracetam, pramiracetam, and phenylpiracetam, are considered nootropics. [5]
2. Presence of a nitrile moiety on the pyrrolidine ring is critical to achieving potent activity Also, systematic SAR investigation has shown that the ring size and stereochemistry for the P2 position is quite conditioned. A 5-membered ring and L-configuration has shown better results than a 4-membered or 6-membered ring with D-configuration.
Pyrrolizidine alkaloidosis can result in damage to the liver, kidneys, heart, brain, smooth muscles, lungs, DNA, lesions all over the body, and could be a potential cause of cancer. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] Pyrrolizidine alkaloidosis is known by many other names such as "Pictou Disease" in Canada [ 3 ] and "Winton Disease" in New Zealand. [ 4 ]
A heterocyclic compound or ring structure is a cyclic compound that has atoms of at least two different elements as members of its ring(s). [1] Heterocyclic organic chemistry is the branch of organic chemistry dealing with the synthesis, properties, and applications of organic heterocycles .