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Gothic châsse; 1185–1200; champlevé enamel over copper gilded; height: 17.7 cm (7.0 in), width: 17.4 cm (6.9 in), depth: 10.1 cm (4.0 in). Vitreous enamel, also called porcelain enamel, is a material made by fusing powdered glass to a substrate by firing, usually between 750 and 850 °C (1,380 and 1,560 °F).
Champlevé is an enamelling technique in the decorative arts, or an object made by that process, in which troughs or cells are carved, etched, die struck, or cast into the surface of a metal object, and filled with vitreous enamel. The piece is then fired until the enamel fuses, and when cooled the surface of the object is polished.
Shotai shippo ("Japanese plique-à-jour"): A layer of flux (clear enamel) is fired over a copper form. Wires are fired onto the flux (similar to cloisonné) and the resulting areas are enameled in the colors of choice. When all the enameling is finished, the copper base is etched away leaving a translucent shell of plique-à-jour. 4.
Ball also explored the use of bronze as a surface by exposing white enamel at varying temperatures to create varied hues of color on the bronze. [4] These early experiments, described as unorthodox, also had him exploring fire scale and liquid enamels, which are quite common in enameling today. [2]
Limoges enamel was usually applied on a copper base, but also sometimes on silver or gold. [5] Preservation is often excellent due to the toughness of the material employed, [5] and the cheaper Limoges works on copper have survived at a far greater rate than courtly work on precious metals, which were nearly all recycled for their materials at some point.
All enamelling processes involve the mixture and preparation of frit, the unfired enamel mixture; the preparation of the substrate; the application and firing; and then finishing processes. Most modern applications also involve two layers of enamel: a ground-coat to bond to the substrate and a cover-coat to provide the desired external properties.
Painted enamel throne table with the seal mark of the Qianlong emperor. Cloisonné enamels on copper surfaces have been made in China since at least the early 15th century, building on a tradition of fired enamels that goes back much further. [88] After its introduction, the technique developed rapidly.
Fast dry enamel – Can dry within 10–15 minutes of application. Ideal for refrigerators, counters, and other industrial finishes. [7] High-temp enamel – May be used for engines, brake calipers, exhaust pipe and BBQs. Enamel paint is also used on wood to make it resistant to the elements via the waterproofing and rotproofing properties of ...
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