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The factory system was a new way of organizing workforce made necessary by the development of machines which were too large to house in a worker's cottage. Working hours were as long as they had been for the farmer, that is, from dawn to dusk, six days per week.
The factory system contributed to the growth of urban areas as large numbers of workers migrated into the cities in search of work in the factories. Nowhere was this better illustrated than the mills and associated industries of Manchester, nicknamed " Cottonopolis ", and the world's first industrial city. [ 161 ]
[1] [2] These women sometimes took entirely new jobs replacing the male workers who joined the military. She is widely recognized in the "We Can Do It!" poster as a symbol of American feminism and women's economic advantage. [3] Similar images of women war workers appeared in other countries such as Britain and Australia. The idea of Rosie the ...
Female factory workers in 1942, Long Beach, California. Esther Bubley's documentary photograph of a woman being taught to drive a streetcar for the Capitol Transit Company in Washington, D. C. U.S. women also performed many kinds of non-military service in organizations such as the American Red Cross and the United Service Organizations (USO ...
Owen's work at New Lanark continued to have significance in Britain and continental Europe. He was a "pioneer in factory reform, the father of distributive co-operation, and the founder of nursery schools". [6] His schemes for educating his workers included opening an Institute for the Formation of Character at New Lanark in 1818.
In 1842, children made up over 25% of all mining workers. [2] Children made up 33% of factory workers. [2] In 1819, 4.5% of all cotton workers were under the age of 10 and 54.5% were under the age of 19. [7] In 1833, children made up around 33% to 66% of all workers in textile mills. [2]
When the upper-class women were arrested alongside the striking workers, the arrests made front-page news (which did not occur when the strike only included working-class women). Belmont rented New York Hippodrome for a rally in support of the workers, and wealthy women donated in support of the cause. [5]
Since most working age men were joining the military to fight in the war, women were required to take on the factory jobs that were traditionally held by men. [2] By the end of the war, there were almost three million women working in factories, around a third of whom were employed in the manufacture of munitions .