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Inca road systems – the Inca built one of the most extensive road systems in the ancient world. The Incas built upon the roads, which were originally constructed by previous Andean civilizations such as the Chimu, Nazca, Wari, Moche, and others. The Inca also further refined and expanded upon the earlier innovations and systems laid in place ...
By the time that the numerical impressions provided insight into ancient numbers, the Sumerians had already developed a complex arithmetic. [24] Computations were likely performed either with tokens or by means of an abacus or counting board. [25] [26]
An abacus (pl.: abaci or abacuses), also called a counting frame, is a hand-operated calculating tool which was used from ancient times in the ancient Near East, Europe, China, and Russia, until the adoption of the Hindu–Arabic numeral system. [1] An abacus consists of a two-dimensional array of slidable beads (or similar objects). In their ...
Albany Post Road, in use by 1642, from Bowling Green (New York City) to Albany, called "Broadway" for long stretches Bozeman Trail from Virginia City, Montana , to central Wyoming California Road established 1849, from Fort Smith, Arkansas , to California
The road was later improved and extended from Calcutta to Peshawar by the British rulers of colonial India. [13] For many centuries, the road has acted as a major trade route and facilitated travel and postal communication. The Grand Trunk Road remains under use for transportation in India.
The counting board is the precursor of the abacus, [1] and the earliest known form of a counting device (excluding fingers and other very simple methods). Counting boards were made of stone or wood, and the counting was done on the board with beads, pebbles etc. [ 2 ] Not many boards survive because of the perishable materials used in their ...
In 500 BC, Darius the Great started an extensive road system for Persia, including the famous Royal Road which was one of the finest highways of its time. The road was used even after Roman times. Because of the road's superior quality and a system of relays, mounted mail couriers could travel 2,699 kilometres (1,677 mi) in nine days. [11]
Objects, such as stones, were added for counting and then columns for place-valued arithmetic. The demarcation between an abax and an abacus seems to be poorly defined in history; [3] moreover, modern definitions of the word abacus universally describe it as a frame with rods and beads [4] and, in general, do not include the definition of "sand ...