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Investigating how a string theory may include fermions in its spectrum led to the invention of supersymmetry (in the West [clarification needed]) [2] in 1971, [3] a mathematical transformation between bosons and fermions. String theories that include fermionic vibrations are now known as "superstring theories".
Supersymmetry is an integral part of string theory, a possible theory of everything. There are two types of string theory, supersymmetric string theory or superstring theory, and non-supersymmetric string theory. By definition of superstring theory, supersymmetry is required in superstring theory at some level.
In string theory, the Ramond–Neveu–Schwarz (RNS) formalism is an approach to formulating superstrings in which the worldsheet has explicit superconformal invariance but spacetime supersymmetry is hidden, in contrast to the Green–Schwarz formalism where the latter is explicit.
Supersymmetry pairs bosons with fermions, so every Standard Model particle has a (yet undiscovered) superpartner. If discovered, such superparticles could be candidates for dark matter, [2] and could provide evidence for grand unification or the viability of string theory.
Green–Schwarz formalism, a way of incorporating supersymmetry into string theory that is supersymmetric in 10-dimensional spacetime. GSO Short for Ferdinando Gliozzi, Joël Scherk, and David A. Olive, as in the GSO projection , a projection in superstring theory that eliminates tachyons.
The operators in topological string theory represent the algebra of operators in the full string theory that preserve a certain amount [clarification needed] of supersymmetry. Topological string theory is obtained by a topological twist of the worldsheet description of ordinary string theory: the operators are given different spins.
M-theory is a theory in physics that unifies all consistent versions of superstring theory. Edward Witten first conjectured the existence of such a theory at a string theory conference at the University of Southern California in 1995.
Neil Lambert is a Professor in theoretical physics at King's College London.His research is primarily concerned with supersymmetry, string theory and M-theory. [1]Lambert graduated from University of Toronto with BSc in mathematics and physics in 1992.
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