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Ketone bodies that commonly appear in the urine when fats are burned for energy are acetoacetate and beta-hydroxybutyric acid. Acetone is also produced and is expired by the lungs. [ 1 ] Normally, the urine should not contain a noticeable concentration of ketones to give a positive reading.
When the body relies on fats, rather than carbohydrates, as its main energy source, increased levels of ketones occur in the blood and urine. The presence of detectable levels of ketones in the urine is called ketonuria. Ketones occur in three forms in the body: beta-hydroxybutyrate (BHB), acetone and acetoacetate.
Ketosis is a metabolic state characterized by elevated levels of ketone bodies in the blood or urine. Physiological ketosis is a normal response to low glucose availability. . In physiological ketosis, ketones in the blood are elevated above baseline levels, but the body's acid–base homeostasis is maintain
HG has been technically defined as more than three episodes of vomiting per day such that weight loss of 5% or three kilograms has occurred and ketones are present in the urine. [3] Other potential causes of the symptoms should be excluded, including urinary tract infection, and an overactive thyroid. [4]
A urine test is any medical test performed on a urine specimen. The analysis of urine is a valuable diagnostic tool because its composition reflects the functioning of many body systems, particularly the kidneys and urinary system , and specimens are easy to obtain. [ 1 ]
Reference ranges for urine tests are described below: Measurement Lower limit Upper limit ... Ketones: n/a: 0 / negative [2] Bilirubin: n/a: 0 / negative [2] Blood: n ...
The concentration of ketone bodies in blood is maintained around 1 mg/dL. Their excretion in urine is very low and undetectable by routine urine tests (Rothera's test). [18] When the rate of synthesis of ketone bodies exceeds the rate of utilization, their concentration in blood increases; this is known as ketonemia.
An abnormal result is often followed by a subsequent "definitive test" to confirm the suspected diagnosis. [citation needed] Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GCMS) machine. Common screening tests used in the last sixty years: [citation needed] Ferric chloride test (detects abnormal metabolites in urine)