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2. Chemical-mechanical polishing - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical-mechanical_polishing

   The process uses an abrasive and corrosive chemical slurry (commonly a colloid) in conjunction with a polishing pad and retaining ring, typically of a greater diameter than the wafer. The pad and wafer are pressed together by a dynamic polishing head and held in place by a plastic retaining ring.

3. Polishing (metalworking) - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polishing_(metalworking)

   The condition of the material at hand determines what type of abrasive will be applied. The first stage, if the material is unfinished, starts with a rough abrasive (perhaps 60 or 80 grit) and each subsequent stage uses a finer abrasive, such as 120, 180, 220/240, 320, 400 and higher grit abrasives, until the desired finish is achieved.

4. Surface finishing - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surface_finishing

   One takes great care to remove any surface defects in the metal, like pits, that could allow bacteria to grow. A #4 dairy or sanitary finish is produced by polishing with a 180–240 grit belt or wheel finish softened with 120–240 grit greaseless compound or a fine non woven abrasive belt or pad. #6 Finish. Also known as a fine satin finish.

5. Sandpaper - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandpaper

   Examples of sanding discs using a quick-change mounting system. A quick-change system is commonly used with disc-type coated abrasives. A plastic or metal hub is bonded to one of the faces, which is threaded. This then mates directly to the sander or angle grinder or to a mandrel that can be mounted in a sander, grinder, or drill. The advantage ...

6. Electroless nickel immersion gold - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electroless_nickel...

   Electroless nickel immersion gold (ENIG or ENi/IAu), also known as immersion gold (Au), chemical Ni/Au or soft gold, is a metal plating process used in the manufacture of printed circuit boards (PCBs), to avoid oxidation and improve the solderability of copper contacts and plated through-holes.

7. Metalworking - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metalworking

   Electroplating is a common surface-treatment technique. It involves bonding a thin layer of another metal such as gold , silver , chromium or zinc to the surface of the product by hydrolysis. It is used to reduce corrosion, create abrasion resistance and improve the product's aesthetic appearance.