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Single crystal (SX) superalloys have wide application in the high-pressure turbine section of aero- and industrial gas turbine engines due to the unique combination of properties and performance. Since introduction of single crystal casting technology, SX alloy development has focused on increased temperature capability, and major improvements ...
Directional solidification is the preferred technique for casting high temperature nickel-based superalloys that are used in turbine engines of aircraft. Some microstructural problems such as coarse dendritic structure, long dendrite side branches, and porosity hinder the full potential of single crystal ni-based alloys. [6]
Therefore, the precise control of grain size in nickel-based superalloys is key to creep resistance and mechanical reliability and longevity. Some ways to control the grain size lie in the manufacturing techniques like directional solidification and single crystal casting. [12]
A single-crystal quartz bar grown by the hydrothermal method. In the case of metal single crystals, fabrication techniques also include epitaxy and abnormal grain growth in solids. [10] Epitaxy is used to deposit very thin (micrometer to nanometer scale) layers of the same or different materials on the surface of an existing single crystal. [11]
Modern turbine blades often use nickel-based superalloys that incorporate chromium, cobalt, and rhenium. [14] [18] Aside from alloy improvements, a major breakthrough was the development of directional solidification (DS) and single crystal (SC) production methods.
Within the turbine exhaust case, the high-pressure turbine blades are made of single-crystal superalloys and impingement cooled using air from the high-pressure compressor. The high and low pressure spools are counter-rotating.
Blades produced by investment casting can include single-crystal (SX), directionally solidified (DS), or conventional equiaxed blades. Investment casting is also widely used by firearms manufacturers to fabricate firearm receivers, triggers, hammers, and other precision parts at low cost. [citation needed]
Bensch, Matthias, et al. "Influence of oxidation on near-surface γ′ fraction and resulting creep behaviour of single crystal Ni-base superalloy M247LC SX." Materials Science and Engineering: A 577 (2013): 179-188. Pang, Hon Tong, et al. "Solution heat treatment optimization of fourth-generation single-crystal nickel-base superalloys."