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Elliot and Church (2003) determined that people adopt defensive pessimism or self-handicapping strategies for the same reason: to deal with anxiety-provoking situations. Self-handicapping is a cognitive strategy in which people construct obstacles to their own success to keep failure from damaging their self-esteem. The difference between self ...
Strategy is another form of defensive behavior, which can be used when a person feels threatened. [3] This form is about manipulating the other person to come out on top. Strategy can be very hurtful as the speaker is being deceitful. Spontaneity is about being honest and truthful with the listener. [3]
Defensive communication leads to the degrading of discourse in a group. Defensive communication is a communicative behavior that occurs within relationships, work environments, and social groups [1] [2] when an individual reacts in a defensive manner in response to a self-perceived flaw or a threat from outsiders.
A defence mechanism can become pathological when its persistent use leads to maladaptive behaviour such that the physical or mental health of the individual is adversely affected. Among the purposes of ego defence mechanisms is to protect the mind/self/ego from anxiety or to provide a refuge from a situation with which one cannot currently cope ...
In their editorial essay Powell et al. outline three reasons why there is a need for a concerted research effort in behavioral strategy, namely that strategy has been too slow to incorporate relevant results from psychology, lacks adequate psychological grounding (e.g., heterogeneity is assumed and not explained in terms of reasoning and ...
In psychology, displacement (German: Verschiebung, lit. 'shift, move') is an unconscious defence mechanism whereby the mind substitutes either a new aim or a new object for things felt in their original form to be dangerous or unacceptable. Example: If your boss criticizes you at work, you might feel angry but can't express it directly to your ...
In psychology, intellectualization (intellectualisation) is a defense mechanism by which reasoning is used to block confrontation with an unconscious conflict and its associated emotional stress – where thinking is used to avoid feeling. [1] It involves emotionally removing one's self from a stressful event.
In Freudian psychology, externalization (or externalisation) is a defense mechanism by which an individual projects their own internal characteristics onto the outside world, particularly onto other people. [1] For example, a patient who is overly argumentative might instead perceive others as argumentative and themselves as blameless.