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Horizontal gene transfer is the primary mechanism for the spread of antibiotic resistance in bacteria, [8] [5] [9] [10] and plays an important role in the evolution of bacteria that can degrade novel compounds such as human-created pesticides [11] and in the evolution, maintenance, and transmission of virulence. [12]
Plasmid-mediated resistance is the transfer of antibiotic resistance genes which are carried on plasmids. [1] Plasmids possess mechanisms that ensure their independent replication as well as those that regulate their replication number and guarantee stable inheritance during cell division.
Antimicrobial resistance can be acquired from other microbes through swapping genes in a process termed horizontal gene transfer. This means that once a gene for resistance to an antibiotic appears in a microbial community, it can then spread to other microbes in the community, potentially moving from a non-disease causing microbe to a disease ...
Horizontal gene transfer is the primary mechanism for the spread of antibiotic resistance in bacteria. Although homologous recombination varies widely among different organisms and cell types, for double-stranded DNA ( dsDNA ) most forms involve the same basic steps.
These resistance cassettes also contain sequences that reflect recent horizontal gene transfer and provide the mechanism for how that transfer occurred. [13] These antibiotic resistant genes also retain their functionality even after they are entirely removed from the context of their original host, emphasizing their compatibility with a wide ...
Bacterial transposons are especially good at facilitating horizontal gene transfer between microbes. Transposition facilitates the transfer and accumulation of antibiotic resistance genes. In bacteria, transposable elements can easily jump between the chromosomal genome and plasmids.
[3] [4] [5] The transfer of DNA is a critical component for antimicrobial resistance within bacterial cells [6] and the oriT structure and mechanism within plasmid DNA is complementary to its function in bacterial conjugation.
Horizontal gene transfer was first observed in 1928, in Frederick Griffith's experiment: showing that virulence was able to pass from virulent to non-virulent strains of Streptococcus pneumoniae, Griffith demonstrated that genetic information can be horizontally transferred between bacteria via a mechanism known as transformation. [2]