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The 66-foot (20.1 m) chain is divided into 100 links, usually marked off into groups of 10 by brass rings or tags which simplify intermediate measurement. Each link is thus 7.92 inches (201 mm) long. A quarter chain, or 25 links, measures 16 feet 6 inches (5.03 m) and thus measures a rod (or pole).
A 20-foot (6.1 m) container is limited to 24 tonnes (26.5 short tons; 23.6 long tons) and two such can fit into a car for a 40-foot (12.2 m) container, or even three if double-stacking [citation needed], but not four unless very high axle load is permitted. The North American railways permit two 53-foot (16.15 m) containers as shown in the ...
The main reason for the domestic scales different from international standards is the smaller prototype loading gauge and unusual gauges of Japanese railways: 600 mm (1 ft 11 + 5 ⁄ 8 in), 762 mm (2 ft 6 in) and 1,067 mm (3 ft 6 in) are used, along with standard gauge of 1,435 mm (4 ft 8 + 1 ⁄ 2 in).
One link is a hundredth part of a chain, which is 7.92 inches (20.1168 cm). [7] The surveyor's chain first appears in an illustration in a Dutch map of 1607, [8] and in an English book for surveyors of 1610. [9] In 1593 the English mile was redefined by a statute of Queen Elizabeth I as 5,280 feet, to tie in with agricultural practice.
Narrow gauge flat wagons, 750 mm (2 ft 5 + 1 ⁄ 2 in). Note the single buffer with a hook on the right side and a chain on the other. On some narrow-gauge lines in Europe, and on the Paris Metro, a simplified version of the loose-coupler is used, consisting of a single central buffer with a chain underneath. Sometimes there are two chains, one ...
For a line with a maximum speed of 60 km/h (37 mph), buffer-and-chain couplers increase the minimum radius to around 150 m (164 yd; 492 ft). As narrow-gauge railways , tramways , and rapid transit systems normally do not interchange with mainline railways, instances of these types of railway in Europe often use bufferless central couplers and ...
The centre of the buffer on European railway vehicles must be between 940 and 1,065 mm above the top of rail. Spain was an exception for a long time. A buffer separation of 1,950 mm was specified there because of the force transmitted to the longitudinal beams of the wagons, which are further apart due to their broad gauge railways.
The earliest rail chairs, made of cast iron and introduced around 1800, were used to fix and support cast-iron rails at their ends; [2] they were also used to join adjacent rails. [ 35 ] In the 1830s rolled T-shaped (or single-flanged T parallel rail ) and I-shaped (or double-flanged T parallel or bullhead ) rails were introduced; both required ...