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The term lymphadenopathy strictly speaking refers to disease of the lymph nodes, [1] though it is often used to describe the enlargement of the lymph nodes. Similarly, the term lymphadenitis refers to inflammation of a lymph node, but often it is used as a synonym of lymphadenopathy. Cervical lymphadenopathy is a sign or a symptom, not a diagnosis.
- Increased focal cortical thickness greater than 3 cm - Doppler ultrasonography that shows hyperaemic blood flow in the hilum and central cortex and/or abnormal (non-hilar cortical) blood flow. [26] In cervical lymphadenopathy (of the neck), it is routine to perform a throat examination including the use of a mirror and an endoscope. [27]
Cervical lymphadenopathy is seen in 50% to 75% of children, whereas the other features are estimated to occur in 90%, [16] [24] but sometimes it can be the dominant presenting symptom. [30] [33] According to the diagnostic criteria, at least one impaired lymph node ≥ 15 mm in diameter should be involved. [32]
The heterophile antibody test, or monospot test, works by agglutination of red blood cells from guinea pigs, sheep and horses. This test is specific but not particularly sensitive (with a false-negative rate of as high as 25% in the first week, 5–10% in the second, and 5% in the third). [ 26 ]
The signs and symptoms of Kikuchi disease are fever, enlargement of the lymph nodes (lymphadenopathy), skin rashes, and headache. [7] In sixty to ninety percent of cases, lymphadenopathy presents in the posterior cervical lymph nodes with diameter enlargement typically being between one and two centimeters, but up to seven centimeters has been reported in literature.
It is an improvement on the Paul–Bunnell test. [2] The test is specific for heterophile antibodies produced by the human immune system in response to EBV infection. Commercially available test kits are 70–92% sensitive and 96–100% specific, with a lower sensitivity in the first two weeks after clinical symptoms begin. [3] [4]
The tonsils and cervical lymph nodes in these cases are hyperplasic and contain mixtures of normal-appearing lymphocytes, activated lymphocytes, plasma cells, and Reed–Sternberg-like cells. [16] Many of these normal-appearing and activated B cells and a small percentage of the tissue's T and NK cells are EBV+ with the virus being mostly in ...
The classification of the cervical lymph nodes is generally attributed to Henri Rouvière in his 1932 publication "Anatomie des Lymphatiques de l'Homme" [6] [7] Rouviere described the cervical lymph nodes as a collar which surrounded the upper aerodigestive tract, consisting of submental, facial, submandibular, parotid, mastoid, occipital and retropharyngeal nodes, together with two chains ...