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Low energy injury (usually fall from standing height) is the usual cause of distal end radius fracture (66 to 77% of cases). High energy injuries accounts for 10% of wrist fractures. [ 5 ] About 57% to 66% of the fractures are extra-articular fractures, 9% to 16% are partial-articular fractures, and 25% to 35% are complete articular fractures.
The Galeazzi fracture is a fracture of the distal third of the radius with dislocation of the distal radioulnar joint.It classically involves an isolated fracture of the junction of the distal third and middle third of the radius with associated subluxation or dislocation of the distal radio-ulnar joint; the injury disrupts the forearm axis joint.
De Quervain syndrome causes pain over the styloid process of the radius. [3] [4] This is due to the passage of the inflamed extensor pollicis brevis tendon and abductor pollicis longus tendon around it. [4] [5] The styloid process of the radius is a useful landmark during arthroscopic resection of the scaphoid bone. [6]
The symptoms and signs associated with convergence insufficiency are related to prolonged, visually demanding, near-centered tasks. They may include, but are not limited to, diplopia (double vision), asthenopia (eye strain), transient blurred vision, difficulty sustaining near-visual function, abnormal fatigue, headache, and abnormal postural adaptation, among others.
Normal accommodation allows the eye to "accommodate" for near-vision. However, in a state of perpetual contraction, the ciliary muscle cannot relax when viewing distant objects. This causes vision to blur when attempting to view objects from a distance. This may cause pseudomyopia or latent hyperopia.
About 1 mm decrease in axial length cause 3 diopters of hypermetropia. [2] One condition that cause axial hypermetropia is nanophthalmos. [12] Curvatural: Curvatural hypermetropia occur when curvature of lens or cornea is flatter than normal. About 1 mm increase in radius of curvature results in 6 diopters of hypermetropia. [2]
A Colles' fracture is a type of fracture of the distal forearm in which the broken end of the radius is bent backwards. [2] Symptoms may include pain, swelling, deformity, and bruising. [2] Complications may include damage to the median nerve. [1] It typically occurs as a result of a fall on an outstretched hand. [2] Risk factors include ...
- A line perpendicular to the distal articular surface of the lunate bone. It should normally be 30°-60°. [1] Dorsal intercalated segment instability (DISI) is a deformity of the wrist where the lunate bone angulates to the dorsal side of the hand. [2] [3]