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The prime number race generalizes to other moduli and is the subject of much research; Pál Turán asked whether it is always the case that π c,a (x) and π c,b (x) change places when a and b are coprime to c. [34] Granville and Martin give a thorough exposition and survey. [33] Graph of the number of primes ending in 1, 3, 7, and 9 up to n ...
The fine-structure constant gives the maximum positive charge of an atomic nucleus that will allow a stable electron-orbit around it within the Bohr model (element feynmanium). [20] For an electron orbiting an atomic nucleus with atomic number Z the relation is mv 2 / r = 1 / 4πε 0 Ze 2 / r 2 .
Number theory began with the manipulation of numbers, that is, natural numbers (), and later expanded to integers and rational numbers (). Number theory was once called arithmetic, but nowadays this term is mostly used for numerical calculations . [ 15 ]
Several studies have indicated that increased standardisation in measurement has a positive impact on GDP. In the United Kingdom, an estimated 28.4 per cent of GDP growth from 1921 to 2013 was the result of standardisation; in Canada between 1981 and 2004 an estimated nine per cent of GDP growth was standardisation-related, and in Germany the ...
The usage of the zero in the Bakhshali manuscript was dated from between 3rd and 4th centuries, making it the earliest known usage of a written zero, in a decimal place value system. [172] Hindu number system – With decimal place-value and a symbol for zero, this system was the ancestor of the widely used Arabic numeral system. It was ...
The United Kingdom slipped into a gold specie standard in 1717 by over-valuing gold at 15 + 1 ⁄ 5 times its weight in silver. It was unique among nations to use gold in conjunction with clipped, underweight silver shillings, addressed only before the end of the 18th century by the acceptance of gold proxies like token silver coins and banknotes.
The name Mongolia means the "Land of the Mongols" in Latin. The Mongolian word "Mongol" (монгол) is of uncertain etymology.Sükhbataar (1992) and de la Vaissière (2021) proposed it being a derivation from Mugulü, the 4th-century founder of the Rouran Khaganate, [13] first attested as the 'Mungu', [14] (Chinese: 蒙兀, Modern Chinese Měngwù, Middle Chinese Muwngu), [15] a branch of ...