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A mast cell (also known as a mastocyte or a labrocyte [1]) is a resident cell of connective tissue that contains many granules rich in histamine and heparin.Specifically, it is a type of granulocyte derived from the myeloid stem cell that is a part of the immune and neuroimmune systems.
The key cellular components of the neuroimmune system are glial cells, including astrocytes, microglia, and oligodendrocytes. [1] [2] [5] Unlike other hematopoietic cells of the peripheral immune system, mast cells naturally occur in the brain where they mediate interactions between gut microbes, the immune system, and the central nervous system as part of the microbiota–gut–brain axis.
Mastocytosis, a type of mast cell disease, is a rare disorder affecting both children and adults caused by the accumulation of functionally defective mast cells (also called mastocytes) and CD34+ mast cell precursors. [1]
Connective tissue is one of the four primary types of animal tissue, a group of cells that are similar in structure, along with epithelial tissue, muscle tissue, and nervous tissue. [1] It develops mostly from the mesenchyme , derived from the mesoderm , the middle embryonic germ layer . [ 2 ]
The innate leukocytes include: natural killer cells, mast cells, eosinophils, basophils; and the phagocytic cells include macrophages, neutrophils, and dendritic cells, and function within the immune system by identifying and eliminating pathogens that might cause infection. [2]
The other cells involved in the innate response include innate lymphoid cells, mast cells, eosinophils, basophils, and natural killer cells. [ 28 ] Phagocytosis is an important feature of cellular innate immunity performed by cells called phagocytes that engulf pathogens or particles.
The main marker of mast cell activation is inducible macrophage protein 1a (MIP-1α), which binds to mast cells when they are near each other. [9] After allergen exposure, MIP-1α transcription and expression are induced by resident mononuclear cells in the substantia propria, which consist of CD68+ macrophages and monocytes. [10]
Macrophages, osteoblasts, adipocytes, and smooth muscle cells (cytokine) Skeletal muscle cells (myokine) Pro-inflammatory cytokine secreted by macrophages in response to pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs); pro-inflammatory cytokine secreted by adipocytes, especially in obesity; anti-inflammatory myokine secreted by skeletal muscle ...