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For the prevention of cardiovascular disease, statins are a first-line treatment. [6] It is taken by mouth. [6] Common side effects include joint pain, diarrhea, heartburn, nausea, and muscle pains. [6] Serious side effects may include rhabdomyolysis, liver problems, and diabetes. [6] Use during pregnancy may harm the fetus. [6]
Other statins have a small risk of 0.44 cases per 10 000 person-years. [9] Previous chronic kidney disease and hypothyroidism increase the risk of myopathy due to statins. It is also more common in the elderly, those who are severely disabled, and when statins are used in combination with particular other medicines, such as ciclosporin. [14] [9]
As lipid-lowering medications, statins are effective in lowering LDL cholesterol; they are widely used for primary prevention in people at high risk of cardiovascular disease, as well as in secondary prevention for those who have developed cardiovascular disease. [2] [3] [4] Side effects of statins include muscle pain, increased risk of ...
The term usually refers to damage induced by excessive use of combinations of these medications, especially combinations that include phenacetin. It may also be used to describe kidney injury from any single analgesic medication. The specific kidney injuries induced by analgesics are renal papillary necrosis and chronic interstitial nephritis.
Chronic kidney disease–mineral and bone disorder (CKD–MBD) is one of the many complications associated with chronic kidney disease. It represents a systemic disorder of mineral and bone metabolism due to CKD manifested by either one or a combination of the following: [ 1 ] [ 2 ]
It is one measure of the skeletal component of the systemic disorder of chronic kidney disease-mineral and bone disorder (CKD-MBD). [1] [2] [3] The term "renal osteodystrophy" was coined in 1943, [4] 60 years after an association was identified between bone disease and kidney failure. [5]
Some severe side effects with long-term consequences may include pancreatitis, acute kidney injury, gallstones, gallbladder disease, diabetic retinopathy, and an increased heart rate. Semaglutide ...
Stage 5: Established kidney failure (GFR <15 mL/min/1.73 m 2), permanent kidney replacement therapy, [62] or end-stage kidney disease. The term "non-dialysis-dependent chronic kidney disease" (NDD-CKD) is a designation used to encompass the status of those persons with an established CKD who do not yet require the life-supporting treatments for ...