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Bronchiectasis may result from a number of infectious and acquired causes, including measles, [11] pneumonia, tuberculosis, immune system problems, as well as the genetic disorder cystic fibrosis. [ 12 ] [ 3 ] [ 13 ] Cystic fibrosis eventually results in severe bronchiectasis in nearly all cases. [ 14 ]
[4] [5] [6] Due to its rarity it presents a difficulty in adult diagnoses, and its initial presentation can be confused with septic shock. [ 7 ] Diagnosis requires an appropriate clinical history , the characteristic expiratory airway collapse on radiological investigation, and exclusion of other causes of congenital and acquired bronchiectasis .
Bronchiectasis refers to the abnormal, irreversible dilatation of the bronchi caused by destructive and inflammatory changes in the airway walls. Bronchiectasis has three major anatomical patterns: cylindrical bronchiectasis, varicose bronchiectasis and cystic bronchiectasis. [5]
Typically found in young children and is the most common cause at this age. [31] Generally occurs after a viral infection of adenovirus (types 3, 7, and 21), measles (rubeola), mycoplasma, CMV, influenza, and parainfluenza. [4] [6] Swyer-James syndrome is a rare complication of bronchiolitis obliterans caused by measles or adenovirus. [32]
Primary ciliary dyskinesia (PCD) is a rare, autosomal recessive genetic ciliopathy, that causes defects in the action of cilia lining the upper and lower respiratory tract, sinuses, Eustachian tube, middle ear, fallopian tube, and flagella of sperm cells.
Tracheobronchomegaly is a very rare congenital disorder of the lung primarily characterized by an abnormal widening of the upper airways. [2] The abnormally widened trachea and mainstem bronchi are associated with recurrent lower respiratory tract infection and copious purulent sputum production, eventually leading to bronchiectasis and other respiratory complications.
About 10% to 30% of children under the age of two years are affected by bronchiolitis at some point in time. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] It commonly occurs in the winter season in the Northern Hemisphere . [ 1 ] It is the leading cause of hospitalizations in those less than one year of age in the United States.
Bronchorrhea is the production of more than 100 mL per day of watery sputum. [1] Chronic bronchitis is a common cause, but it may also be caused by asthma, [2] pulmonary contusion, [3] bronchiectasis, tuberculosis, cancer, scorpion stings, severe hypothermia and poisoning by organophosphates and other poisons.