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Those allergic to codeine may also be allergic to oxycodone. [16] Use of oxycodone in early pregnancy appears relatively safe. [16] Opioid withdrawal may occur if rapidly stopped. [16] Oxycodone acts by activating the μ-opioid receptor. [19] When taken by mouth, it has roughly 1.5 times the effect of the equivalent amount of morphine. [20]
Codeine is used to treat mild to moderate pain. [4] It is commonly used to treat post-surgical dental pain. [13]Weak evidence indicates that it is useful in cancer pain, but it may have increased adverse effects, especially constipation, compared to other opioids. [14]
Opioid-induced hyperalgesia (OIH) or opioid-induced abnormal pain sensitivity, also called paradoxical hyperalgesia, is an uncommon condition of generalized pain caused by the long-term use of high dosages of opioids [1] such as morphine, [2] oxycodone, [3] and methadone.
Codeinone is an isoquinolone alkaloid [1] found in the opium poppy. [2] As an analgesic, it is one-third the potency of codeine.It is an important intermediate in the production of hydrocodone–a painkiller about three-quarters the potency of morphine [citation needed] –as well as of oxycodone, [3] though the latter can also be synthesized from thebaine.
Approved indication for dihydrocodeine is the management of moderate to moderately severe pain as well as coughing and shortness of breath. As is the case with other drugs in this group, the antitussive dose tends to be less than the analgesic dose, and dihydrocodeine is a powerful cough suppressant like all other members of the immediate codeine family (see below) and their cousins ...
Codeine/paracetamol, also called codeine/acetaminophen and co-codamol, is a compound analgesic, comprising codeine phosphate and paracetamol (acetaminophen). Codeine/paracetamol is used for the relief of mild to moderate pain when paracetamol or non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs; such as ibuprofen, aspirin, and naproxen) alone do not sufficiently relieve symptoms.
In older adults, opioid use is associated with increased adverse effects such as "sedation, nausea, vomiting, constipation, urinary retention, and falls". [72] As a result, older adults taking opioids are at greater risk for injury. [73] Opioids do not cause any specific organ toxicity, unlike many other drugs, such as aspirin and paracetamol.
These include the severity of withdrawal symptoms, the time elapsed since the last opioid use, and the type of opioid involved (long-acting vs. short-acting). [134] A standard induction method involves waiting until the patient exhibits moderate withdrawal symptoms, as measured by a Clinical Opiate Withdrawal Scale, achieving a score of around 12.