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Overview of eukaryotic messenger RNA (mRNA) translation Translation of mRNA and ribosomal protein synthesis Initiation and elongation stages of translation involving RNA nucleobases, the ribosome, transfer RNA, and amino acids The three phases of translation: (1) in initiation, the small ribosomal subunit binds to the RNA strand and the initiator tRNA–amino acid complex binds to the start ...
Translation is one of the key energy consumers in cells, hence it is strictly regulated. Numerous mechanisms have evolved that control and regulate translation in eukaryotes as well as prokaryotes. Regulation of translation can impact the global rate of protein synthesis which is closely coupled to the metabolic and proliferative state of a cell.
Three sequences, UAG, UGA, and UAA, known as stop codons, [note 1] do not code for an amino acid but instead signal the release of the nascent polypeptide from the ribosome. [7] In the standard code, the sequence AUG—read as methionine—can serve as a start codon and, along with sequences such as an initiation factor, initiates translation.
Protein anabolism is the process by which proteins are formed from amino acids. It relies on five processes: amino acid synthesis, transcription, translation, post translational modifications, and protein folding.
Export of tRNA is also dependent on the various modifications it undergoes, thus preventing export of improperly functioning tRNA. This quality control mechanism is important due to tRNA's central role in translation, where it is involved in adding amino acids to a growing peptide chain. The tRNA exporter in vertebrates is called exportin-t ...
It was this apparent lack of any possibility of specific recognition of amino acid side chains by a nucleotide sequence which led Crick to conclude that amino acids would first become attached to a small nucleic acid — the adaptor — and that this, by base-pairing with the template (presumably as occurs between DNA strands in the double ...
The ribosome reads the mRNA molecule in a 5'-3' direction and uses it as a template to determine the order of amino acids in the polypeptide chain. [11] To translate the mRNA molecule, the ribosome uses small molecules, known as transfer RNAs (tRNA), to deliver the correct amino acids to the ribosome. Each tRNA is composed of 70-80 nucleotides ...
The NIKS motif is a highly conserved amino acid sequence located on the N-Terminus in Domain 1 (amino acid residues 61-64). The NIKS motif contains the amino acids Asparagine (N), Isoleucine (I), Lysine (K), and Serine (S). [13] The main function of the NIKS motif is to recognize the first nucleotide in the stop codon, which is always uracil.