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An example of 500 mbar geopotential height prediction from a numerical weather prediction model. Supercomputers are capable of running highly complex models to help scientists better understand Earth's climate. A model is a computer program that produces meteorological information for future times at given locations and altitudes.
The difference between the forecast and the actual weather outcome for forecasts 3, 5, 7, and 10 days in advance. It was not until the 20th century that advances in the understanding of atmospheric physics led to the foundation of modern numerical weather prediction.
Earth will therefore radiate at this wavelength approximately according to the temperature of that altitude. The effect of increasing CO 2 atmospheric content means that the optical depth increases, so that the altitude seen from outer space increases; [2] as long as it increases within the troposphere, the radiation temperature drops and the ...
The effect of latitude, tropical climate, constant gentle wind, and seaside locations show smaller average temperature ranges, smaller variations of temperature, and a higher average temperature (the graph on the right, taken for the same period as Campinas, at Aracaju, also in Brazil and located at a latitude of 10 degrees, nearer to the Equator).
Atmospheric thermodynamics is the study of heat-to-work transformations (and their reverse) that take place in the Earth's atmosphere and manifest as weather or climate. . Atmospheric thermodynamics use the laws of classical thermodynamics, to describe and explain such phenomena as the properties of moist air, the formation of clouds, atmospheric convection, boundary layer meteorology, and ...
The difference between climate and weather is usefully summarized by the popular phrase "Climate is what you expect, weather is what you get." [ 16 ] Over historical time spans, there are a number of nearly constant variables that determine climate, including latitude , altitude, proportion of land to water, and proximity to oceans and mountains.
Numerical climate models (or climate system models) are mathematical models that can simulate the interactions of important drivers of climate. These drivers are the atmosphere, oceans, land surface and ice. Scientists use climate models to study the dynamics of the climate system and to make projections of future climate and of climate change ...
Tectonic–climatic interaction is the interrelationship between tectonic processes and the climate system. The tectonic processes in question include orogenesis, volcanism, and erosion, while relevant climatic processes include atmospheric circulation, orographic lift, monsoon circulation and the rain shadow effect.