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In particular, it includes support for CCMP, an AES-based encryption mode. [8] [9] [10] Certification began in September, 2004. From March 13, 2006, to June 30, 2020, WPA2 certification was mandatory for all new devices to bear the Wi-Fi trademark. [11] In WPA2-protected WLANs, secure communication is established through a multi-step process.
WPA implemented a subset of a draft of 802.11i. The Wi-Fi Alliance refers to their approved, interoperable implementation of the full 802.11i as WPA2, also called RSN (Robust Security Network). 802.11i makes use of the Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) block cipher, whereas WEP and WPA use the RC4 stream cipher. [1]
In addition, the IEEE 802.11 WG noted that the functionality offered by WAPI systems was equivalent to only a small subset of the security offered by WPA2-based systems. The China NB eventually withdrew WAPI in October 2011 (document JTC1/SC6 N15030) and the project was formally cancelled by SC6 in February 2012.
The primary enhancement over WPA is the inclusion of the AES-CCMP algorithm as a mandatory feature. Both WPA and WPA2 support EAP authentication methods using RADIUS servers and preshared key (PSK). The number of WPA and WPA2 networks are increasing, while the number of WEP networks are decreasing, [34] because of the security vulnerabilities ...
In cryptography, a pre-shared key (PSK) is a shared secret which was previously shared between the two parties using some secure channel before it needs to be used. [ 1 ] Key
A major security flaw was revealed in December 2011 that affects wireless routers with the WPS PIN feature, which most recent models have enabled by default. The flaw allows a remote attacker to recover the WPS PIN in a few hours with a brute-force attack and, with the WPS PIN, the network's WPA/WPA2 pre-shared key (PSK). [3]
The IEEE endorsed the final version of TKIP, along with more robust solutions such as 802.1X and the AES based CCMP, when they published IEEE 802.11i-2004 on 23 July 2004. [3] The Wi-Fi Alliance soon afterwards adopted the full specification under the marketing name WPA2. [4] TKIP was resolved to be deprecated by the IEEE in January 2009. [1]
The more secure WPA2 using Advanced Encryption Standard was introduced in 2004 and is supported by most new Wi-Fi devices. WPA2 is fully compatible with WPA. [140] In 2017, a flaw in the WPA2 protocol was discovered, allowing a key replay attack, known as KRACK. [141] [142] A QR code to automate a Wi-Fi connection using WIFI:S:Wikipedia;T:WPA;P ...