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  2. Astronomical spectroscopy - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomical_spectroscopy

    The Star-Spectroscope of the Lick Observatory in 1898. Designed by James Keeler and constructed by John Brashear.. Astronomical spectroscopy is the study of astronomy using the techniques of spectroscopy to measure the spectrum of electromagnetic radiation, including visible light, ultraviolet, X-ray, infrared and radio waves that radiate from stars and other celestial objects.

  3. Kugelblitz (astrophysics) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kugelblitz_(astrophysics)

    It is a concentration of heat, light or radiation so intense that its energy forms an event horizon and becomes self-trapped. In other words, if enough radiation is aimed into a region of space, the concentration of energy can warp spacetime so much that it creates a black hole.

  4. Biot number - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biot_number

    The Biot number is the ratio of the thermal resistance for conduction inside a body to the resistance for convection at the surface of the body. This ratio indicates whether the temperature inside a body varies significantly in space when the body is heated or cooled over time by a heat flux at its surface.

  5. Tidal heating - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tidal_heating

    is the host (or central) body's mass and ⁡ represents the imaginary portion of the second-order Love number which measures the efficiency at which the satellite dissipates tidal energy into frictional heat. This imaginary portion is defined by interplay of the body's rheology and self-gravitation.

  6. Computational astrophysics - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computational_astrophysics

    Computational astrophysics refers to the methods and computing tools developed and used in astrophysics research. Like computational chemistry or computational physics , it is both a specific branch of theoretical astrophysics and an interdisciplinary field relying on computer science , mathematics , and wider physics .

  7. Astrophysics - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrophysics

    Astrophysics is a science that employs the methods and principles of physics and chemistry in the study of astronomical objects and phenomena. [1] [2] As one of the founders of the discipline, James Keeler, said, astrophysics "seeks to ascertain the nature of the heavenly bodies, rather than their positions or motions in space—what they are, rather than where they are", [3] which is studied ...

  8. Planetary equilibrium temperature - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planetary_equilibrium...

    Other authors use different names for this concept, such as equivalent blackbody temperature of a planet. [1] The effective radiation emission temperature is a related concept, [ 2 ] but focuses on the actual power radiated rather than on the power being received, and so may have a different value if the planet has an internal energy source or ...

  9. Space Shuttle thermal protection system - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_Shuttle_thermal...

    A stronger, tougher tile which came into use in 1996. TUFI tiles came in high temperature black versions for use in the orbiter's underside, and lower temperature white versions for use on the upper body. While more impact resistant than other tiles, white versions conducted more heat which limited their use to the orbiter's upper body flap and ...