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Mitochondrial replication is controlled by nuclear genes and is specifically suited to make as many mitochondria as that particular cell needs at the time. Mitochondrial transcription in humans is initiated from three promoters, H1, H2, and L (heavy strand 1, heavy strand 2, and light strand promoters). The H2 promoter transcribes almost the ...
[1] (a) Pie charts on the map. (b) Counts of haplogroups in table format. For populations details, see 1000 Genomes Project#Human genome samples. In human genetics, a human mitochondrial DNA haplogroup is a haplogroup defined by differences in human mitochondrial DNA. Haplogroups are used to represent the major branch points on the ...
However, the extant diversity of mitochondrial genomes that belong to Haplogroup A is low relative to the degree of divergence from its nearest outgroups in haplogroup N, which suggests that extant members of Haplogroup A might be descended from a population that has emerged from a bottleneck approximately 20,000 years ago.
B4a1a1a2 – Solomon Islands (Choiseul), Papua New Guinea (Lihir Island) B4a1a1a2a – Solomon Islands (Malaita) B4a1a1a2b – Papua New Guinea (Buin of Bougainville) B4a1a1a3 – Solomon Islands (Malaita, Makira) B4a1a1a4 – Papua New Guinea (South Coast), Solomon Islands (Guadalcanal) B4a1a1a5 – Solomon Islands (Malaita, Ontong Java)
Haplogroup X is a human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroup. It is found in North America, Europe, Western Asia, North Africa, and the Horn of Africa. A mtDNA-based map of major human migrations. Haplogroup X diverged from haplogroup N roughly 30,000 years ago (just prior to or during the Last Glacial Maximum).
The mitochondrial DNA variation in isolated "relict" populations in southeast Asia supports the view that there was only a single dispersal from Africa. [15] The distribution of the earliest branches within haplogroups M, N, and R across Eurasia and Oceania provides additional evidence for a three-founder-mtDNA scenario and a single migration ...
The resulting reduction in per-cell copy number of mtDNA plays a role in the mitochondrial bottleneck, exploiting cell-to-cell variability to ameliorate the inheritance of damaging mutations. [34] According to Justin St. John and colleagues, "At the blastocyst stage, the onset of mtDNA replication is specific to the cells of the trophectoderm ...
MT-TL1 is a small 75 nucleotide RNA (human mitochondrial map position 3230–3304) that transfers the amino acid leucine to a growing polypeptide chain at the ribosome site of protein synthesis during translation. Also, some studies showed that the MT-TL1 gene pathogenic variants could be attributed to the alterations of mTERF binding ...